Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

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Solar Energy Perspectives: The solar resource and its possible uses Figure 2.12 Comparison of satellite data sources with best estimate from on-ground measurement DNI (various sources) Best estimate Best estimate lower range Best estimate upper range DNI (kWh/m 2 /y) 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 Measured Sat. source 1 Sat. source 2 Sat. source 3 Sat. source 4 Sat. source 5 Sat. source 6 Sat. source 7 Sat. source 8 Source: Meyer, 2011. Key point Figure 2.12 Satellite data must be confirmed by ground measurements, especially for DNI. 46 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Chapter 3: Solar electricity Chapter 3 Solar electricity Generating carbon-free electricity will not only eliminate the current carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation, but also help eliminate emissions resulting from direct fossil fuel consumption in the building, industry and transport sectors through increased electrification. PV is developing rapidly and its costs are falling just as fast. Solar thermal electricity (STE) lags behind but, thanks to heat storage, offers considerable potential. As their accessible markets expand, these technologies look more complementary than competitors. Background Terrestrial applications of solar photovoltaics (PV) began in the 1970s, and developed in niche off-grid applications, mostly rural electrification and telecommunications. In the 1980s, the first commercial concentrating solar power (CSP) plants generating STE (backed by 25% natural gas) were built in California’s Mohave Desert, and were based on federal and state tax incentives for investors and mandated long-term power purchase agreements. They totalled 354 MWe by 1991 when Luz, the builder, filed for bankruptcy. They are still operating today. In the 1990s, various countries introduced incentives to support early deployment of solar photovoltaic systems. In 1995, the Japanese 70 000 solar roofs programme began, initially providing 50% subsidy of the cost of installed grid-tied PV systems. The German 100 000 solar roofs programme began in 1999, followed by the Renewable Energy law in 2000, which offered a EUR 0.5/kWh feed-in tariff on installed systems for 20 years. In 1998, Japan surpassed the United States as the leading market. Germany took the second position in 2001, and overtook Japan in 2003. It has since remained the market leader. The growth of the global PV market has been impressive since 2003, with an average annual growth rate of 40% to 2009, and about 135% in 2010. The cumulative installed global PV capacity grew from 0.1 GW in 1992 to 40 GW at the end of 2010, with 42% being installed in 2010 alone (Figure 3.1). Meanwhile, a new wave of CSP plant building was initiated in 2005 in Spain and the United States, with smaller realisations in a few other countries (Algeria, Egypt, and Morocco). STE cumulative capacities neared 1 GW at the end of 2010 with several more GW under construction or in planning ever after 3 GW of CSP projects in the United States were turned into PV in 2011. The figure 3.2 presents CSP targets and plants (operational, under construction and planned) as of September 2011, after several CSP project were turned into PV project in the USA notably California. The bright future for electricity Electricity is more easily decarbonised than other fuels. It is thus set to play an ever-increasing role in a world struggling to reduce its energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, while enhancing energy security. 47 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Page 1 and 2: Renewable Energy Renewable TECHNOLO
Page 3 and 4: Renewable Energy Technologies Solar
Page 5 and 6: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Foreword Solar energy tech
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
Page 11 and 12: Table of contents Table of Contents
Page 13 and 14: Table of contents Chapter 7 Solar h
Page 15 and 16: Table of contents Chapter 3 Chapter
Page 17 and 18: Table of contents Chapter 4 Figure
Page 19 and 20: Table of contents Figure 10.4 • N
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary A possible vision
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Page 31 and 32: PART A MARKETS AND OUTLOOK Chapter
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PART B TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Chapter 7 Sol
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels Solar gasifi
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PART C THE WAY FORWARD Chapter 10 P
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Chapter 10: Policies Chapter 10 Pol
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Annex A Annex A Definitions, abbrev
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Annex A REC RPS SACP sc-Si SEI SEII
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Annex B Annex B References A.T. Kea
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Annex B Greenpeace International, S
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Annex B Malbranche, Ph. et C. Phili
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