Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

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Solar Energy Perspectives: Solar thermal electricity Figure 8.9 Decreasing costs and increasing CSP production EU + Turkey Pacific China South America Central Asia Middle East India Africa North America DNI 2000 (USD/MWh) DNI 2600 (USD/MWh) 350 USD/MWh TWh/year 5 000 300 4 500 4 000 250 3 500 200 3 000 2 500 150 2 000 100 1 500 1 000 50 500 0 2010 2020 2030 2040 0 2050 Source: IEA, 2010d. Key point STE from CSP plants will be competitive by 2020 for peak electricity generation. Photo 8.7 Partial view of the solar field of a CSP plant Source: Corbis Images. Key point Most concentrating solar power plants in service today use parabolic troughs. 160 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Chapter 9: Solar fuels Chapter 9 Solar fuels Solar energy can be used to generate hydrogen from water electrolysis or various processes based on water or any hydrocarbon, and concentrated solar heat. Hydrogen can be used as such or to further process other fuels, notably convenient liquid fuels. For liquid fuels, which normally contain carbon atoms, the preferred option from a climate point of view is solarenhanced bio-fuels. Background In 1904, Manuel Gomez, a Portuguese Jesuit nicknamed Padre Himalaya, aiming at synthesising fertilisers, obtained a temperature of 3 800°C from concentrating sunrays in his ‘Pyreheliophoro’ (Photo 9.1). In the last 20 years, scientists in Europe, Israel, Japan and the United States have been working on gaseous, liquid or solid “solar fuels” manufactured from carbonaceous feedstock or water. In 2011, in his State of Union speech, President Obama alluded to solar fuels: “At the California Institute of Technology, they're developing a way to turn sunlight and water into fuel for our cars.” Photo 9.1 Padre Himalaya’s Pyreheliophoro in 1904 Source: Collares Pereira. Key point Solar fuels were first considered more than a century ago. 161 © OECD/IEA, 2011
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Renewable Energy Renewable TECHNOLO
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Renewable Energy Technologies Solar
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
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Foreword Foreword Solar energy tech
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
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Table of contents Table of Contents
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Table of contents Chapter 7 Solar h
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Table of contents Chapter 3 Chapter
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Table of contents Chapter 4 Figure
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Table of contents Figure 10.4 • N
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary A possible vision
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Chapter 1: Rationale for harnessing
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PART A MARKETS AND OUTLOOK Chapter
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Chapter 2: The solar resource and i
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Chapte
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Versat
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity to a t
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity New in
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Variou
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity as fro
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity peak t
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Kenya
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity • Ad
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Chapter 4: Buildings Chapter 4 Buil
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Chapter 4: Buildings South Africa,
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Chapter 4: Buildings Figure 4.3 Bui
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Chapter 4: Buildings Défense near
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Chapter 4: Buildings larger the col
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Chapter 4: Buildings Pumps variant,
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Chapter 4: Buildings radiators or h
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Chapter 4: Buildings Most widesprea
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Chapter 4: Buildings Photo 4.5 Mans
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Chapter 4: Buildings the overall po
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Chapter 4: Buildings area is limite
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Chapter 4: Buildings Figure 4.11 An
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport C
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport i
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Page 111 and 112: PART B TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar
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Page 173 and 174: PART C THE WAY FORWARD Chapter 10 P
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits 10 0
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits tran
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Annex A Annex A Definitions, abbrev
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Annex A REC RPS SACP sc-Si SEI SEII
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Annex B Annex B References A.T. Kea
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Annex B Greenpeace International, S
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Annex B Malbranche, Ph. et C. Phili
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