Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

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Table of contents PART C. THE WAY FORWARD Chapter 10 Policies .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 The costs of early deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Spend wisely, share widely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Support schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Feed-in tariffs and feed-in premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Renewable energy portfolio standards and solar renewable energy certificates . . . . . 185 Requests for tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Market design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 CO 2 pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Paving the way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Chapter 11 Testing the limits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Rationale and caveat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 The world in 50 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Footprint of solar electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Direct, non-electric energy uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 CO 2 emissions and variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Chapter 12 Conclusions and recommendations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Annex A Definitions, abbreviations, acronyms and units. . . . . . . . . . . 219 Annex B References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 List of boxes Chapter 2 12 Measuring the solar resource from the ground.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 © OECD/<strong>IEA</strong>, 2011
Table of contents Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Harnessing variable renewables.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 The EU-MENA connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Day lighting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Cooking.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Rio+20 et al, opportunities to accelerate the deployment of solar energy?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Financing off-grid solar electrification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Ruled-out options.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Defining primary energy needs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 List of tables Chapter 3 Table 3.1 • Electricity from CSP plants as shares of total electricity consumption (%) in the BLUE Hi-Ren scenario, ETP 2010.. . . . . . . . . . 57 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 • Potential for solar electricity generation on buildings as share of electricity consumption in 1998.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Chapter 6 Table 6.1 • Cost targets for the residential sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Table 6.2 • Cost targets for the commercial sector.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Table 6.3 • Cost targets for the utility sector.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Chapter 7 Table 7.1 • Characteristics of some possible storage media.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Chapter 10 Table 10.1 • Amounts of investment bringing PV costs to USD 1/W (worst-case scenario).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Chapter 11 Table 11.1 • Indicative global capacities and electricity generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 13 © OECD/<strong>IEA</strong>, 2011
Page 1 and 2: Renewable Energy Renewable TECHNOLO
Page 3 and 4: Renewable Energy Technologies Solar
Page 5 and 6: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Foreword Solar energy tech
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
Page 11 and 12: Table of contents Table of Contents
Page 13: Table of contents Chapter 7 Solar h
Page 17 and 18: Table of contents Chapter 4 Figure
Page 19 and 20: Table of contents Figure 10.4 • N
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary A possible vision
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1: Rationale for harnessing
Page 31 and 32: PART A MARKETS AND OUTLOOK Chapter
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2: The solar resource and i
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 3: Solar electricity Chapte
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3: Solar electricity Versat
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
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Page 57 and 58: Chapter 3: Solar electricity to a t
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3: Solar electricity New in
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity peak t
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Kenya
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity • Ad
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Chapter 4: Buildings Chapter 4 Buil
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Chapter 4: Buildings South Africa,
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Chapter 4: Buildings Figure 4.3 Bui
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Chapter 4: Buildings Défense near
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Chapter 4: Buildings larger the col
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Chapter 4: Buildings Pumps variant,
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Chapter 4: Buildings radiators or h
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Chapter 4: Buildings Most widesprea
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Chapter 4: Buildings Photo 4.5 Mans
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Chapter 4: Buildings the overall po
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Chapter 4: Buildings area is limite
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Chapter 4: Buildings Figure 4.11 An
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport C
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport c
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport i
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport a
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport T
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport h
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport t
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PART B TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics Chap
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics Figu
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics of t
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics or a
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics Anot
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics sout
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Chapter 7 Sol
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Chapter 7: Solar heat incoming radi
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Evacuated tub
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Photo 7.2 Che
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Chapter 7: Solar heat with the temp
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Photo 7.6 Pos
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Figure 7.8 Sc
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Figure 7.10 B
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Chapter 7: Solar heat inert materia
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Chapter 8: Solar thermal electricit
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels Chapter 9 So
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels “Solar fue
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels in line-focu
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels back to wate
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels Solar gasifi
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PART C THE WAY FORWARD Chapter 10 P
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Chapter 10: Policies Chapter 10 Pol
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Chapter 10: Policies distinguish pe
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Chapter 10: Policies Photo 10.1 Chi
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Chapter 10: Policies In Morocco, se
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Chapter 10: Policies and linked to
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Chapter 10: Policies ambition of th
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Chapter 10: Policies Figure 10.6 Sc
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Chapter 10: Policies and can hardly
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Chapter 10: Policies fossil-fuel pl
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Chapter 10: Policies It would make
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Chapter 10: Policies In the retail
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Chap
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits grow
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits betw
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Figu
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits The
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits esti
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Phot
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Water availability is unlikely to b
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits 10 0
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits tran
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Annex A Annex A Definitions, abbrev
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Annex A REC RPS SACP sc-Si SEI SEII
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Annex B Annex B References A.T. Kea
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Annex B Greenpeace International, S
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Annex B Malbranche, Ph. et C. Phili
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