Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

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Table of contents Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Chapter 4 Buildings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Solar water heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Energy efficient buildings and passive solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Active solar space heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Heat pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Space cooling, air-conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Zero-net and positive energy buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 The need for an integrated approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Chapter 5 Industry and transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Industrial electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Biomass in industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Solar heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Desalination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 PART B. TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar photovoltaics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 The PV learning curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 State of the art and areas for improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Crystalline silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Thin films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Hybrid PV-thermal panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Concentrating photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Organic cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Novel devices: quantum dots and wells, thermo-electric cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Balance of systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Floor price and roof costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 10 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Table of contents Chapter 7 Solar heat .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Collecting heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Flat-plate collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Evacuated tube collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 CPC collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Why concentrate the sunlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Parabolic troughs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Fresnel reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Parabolic dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Scheffler dishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Solar towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Storing the sun’s heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Costs of solar heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Chapter 8 Solar thermal electricity.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Concentrating solar power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Concentrating solar power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Parabolic troughs and linear Fresnel reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Solar towers and dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Balance of plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Storage in CSP plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Back-up and hybridisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Smaller plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Non-concentrating solar thermal power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Costs of STE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Chapter 9 Solar fuels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Carbon and hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Producing hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Solar-enhanced biofuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Using solar fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 11 © OECD/IEA, 2011
Page 1 and 2: Renewable Energy Renewable TECHNOLO
Page 3 and 4: Renewable Energy Technologies Solar
Page 5 and 6: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Foreword Solar energy tech
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
Page 11: Table of contents Table of Contents
Page 15 and 16: Table of contents Chapter 3 Chapter
Page 17 and 18: Table of contents Chapter 4 Figure
Page 19 and 20: Table of contents Figure 10.4 • N
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary A possible vision
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1: Rationale for harnessing
Page 31 and 32: PART A MARKETS AND OUTLOOK Chapter
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2: The solar resource and i
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 3: Solar electricity Chapte
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3: Solar electricity Versat
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 3: Solar electricity Figure
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 3: Solar electricity to a t
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3: Solar electricity New in
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3: Solar electricity Variou
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity as fro
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity peak t
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity Kenya
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Chapter 3: Solar electricity • Ad
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Chapter 4: Buildings Chapter 4 Buil
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Chapter 4: Buildings South Africa,
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Chapter 4: Buildings Figure 4.3 Bui
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Chapter 4: Buildings Défense near
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Chapter 4: Buildings larger the col
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Chapter 4: Buildings Pumps variant,
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Chapter 4: Buildings radiators or h
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Chapter 4: Buildings Most widesprea
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Chapter 4: Buildings Photo 4.5 Mans
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Chapter 4: Buildings the overall po
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Chapter 4: Buildings area is limite
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Chapter 4: Buildings Figure 4.11 An
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport C
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport c
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport i
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport a
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport i
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport T
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport h
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Chapter 5: Industry and transport t
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PART B TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 6 Solar
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics Chap
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics Figu
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics of t
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics or a
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics Anot
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Chapter 6: Solar photovoltaics sout
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Chapter 7 Sol
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Chapter 7: Solar heat incoming radi
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Evacuated tub
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Photo 7.2 Che
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Chapter 7: Solar heat with the temp
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Photo 7.6 Pos
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Figure 7.8 Sc
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Chapter 7: Solar heat Figure 7.10 B
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Chapter 7: Solar heat inert materia
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Chapter 8: Solar thermal electricit
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels Chapter 9 So
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels “Solar fue
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels in line-focu
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels back to wate
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Chapter 9: Solar fuels Solar gasifi
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PART C THE WAY FORWARD Chapter 10 P
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Chapter 10: Policies Chapter 10 Pol
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Chapter 10: Policies distinguish pe
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Chapter 10: Policies Photo 10.1 Chi
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Chapter 10: Policies In Morocco, se
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Chapter 10: Policies and linked to
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Chapter 10: Policies ambition of th
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Chapter 10: Policies Figure 10.6 Sc
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Chapter 10: Policies and can hardly
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Chapter 10: Policies fossil-fuel pl
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Chapter 10: Policies It would make
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Chapter 10: Policies In the retail
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Chap
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits grow
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits betw
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Figu
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits The
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits esti
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits Phot
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Water availability is unlikely to b
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits 10 0
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Chapter 11: Testing the limits tran
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Chapter 12: Conclusions and recomme
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Annex A Annex A Definitions, abbrev
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Annex A REC RPS SACP sc-Si SEI SEII
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Annex B Annex B References A.T. Kea
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Annex B Greenpeace International, S
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Annex B Malbranche, Ph. et C. Phili
Page 233:
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