Solar Energy Perspectives - IEA

Table of contents
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 • Various uses of solar heat at different technology maturity.. . . . . . . . . . 124
Figure 7.2 • Optimal and thermal losses of a flat-plate collector.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Figure 7.3 • Transpired air collectors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Figure 7.4 • Heat pipe tube.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Figure 7.5 • CPC collector concentrating diffuse light.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Figure 7.6 • Working scheme of a solar oven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Figure 7.7 • Compact linear Fresnel reflectors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Figure 7.8 • Scheffler dish for community kitchen.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Figure 7.9 • Towers (central receiver systems).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Figure 7.10 • Blocking, shading and cosine losses in heliostat fields.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Figure 7.11 • Price of solar thermal generated heat versus
conventional energy sources, for solar supported heating networks
and low temperature industrial process applications > 350kW th
.. . . . 140
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 • Efficiencies as a function of temperature
for various concentration ratios.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 8.2 • Working scheme of a molten-salt solar tower.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Figure 8.3 • Scheme of fluoride-liquid salt solar tower associated
with a closed Brayton cycle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Figure 8.4 • Concept of combined-cycle hybrid solar and gas tower plant
with pressurised-air receiver .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Figure 8.5 • Firm and time-shifted production .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Figure 8.6 • Three different uses of storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Figure 8.7 • Comparison of the size of a 100 MW solar field
and its annual 67-m high stone storage .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Figure 8.8 • Principle of a solar chimney.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 8.9 • Decreasing costs and increasing CSP production.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 • Routes to hydrogen from concentrating solar energy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Figure 9.2 • CSP backed by biomass could produce electricity, heat or cold,
hydrogen and fresh water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Figure 9.3 • Two-step water splitting based on redox reactions generating H 2
from sun and water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Figure 9.4 • Solar-driven biomass gasification.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 • Global support for renewables-based electricity generation
in the New Policy Scenario.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Figure 10.2 • Average wholesale electricity (incl. CO 2 ) prices
and impact of renewable support in selected OECD regions .. . . . . . . 176
Figure 10.3 • Spanish FIP for STE/CSP plants in 2011.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
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© OECD/IEA, 2011