OECD Culture and Local Development.pdf - PACA

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The substance of local development cannot be reduced to updating an export base; it also entails proper organisation of relations between players at the local level. Approaches in terms of projects, partnerships, quasi-contracts, social capital, and so forth show that local development depends on the capacity of local players to exchange and communicate using a shared system of values and norms. Culture can contribute to the constitution of this social capital. Culture therefore influences local development in three ways: • By disseminating benchmarks conducive to synergy among players and project implementation; • By creating an environment that is attractive for residents as well as for visitors and tourists; • By providing leverage for the creation of products that combine aesthetic dimensions and utilitarian functionality. In a sense, it acts as an investment in social capital, an intermediate consumer good and a final consumer good. Different potential, depending on the nature of the territory and investments Recognition of these effects must be tempered by the fact that all territories do not benefit from them in the same way. Their dimensions and characteristics alter the likelihood of achieving the desired results. For this reason, “art cities” or cultural districts are seen as territories inheriting a high density of cultural resources, while underprivileged neighbourhoods and rural areas would have a harder time reaping the benefits. • Let us consider the first type of effect, whereby culture can promote local development and at the same time enhance the social capital of the territory in question. The magnitude of the contribution that cultural activities can make to development will depend on their ability to bring out and disseminate values and benchmarks that can encourage individual or community players to plan for the future, formulate new projects and co-ordinate their responses to unforeseen problems. In some cases, this is how it happens, but there can also be inter-cultural conflicts that can thwart the emergence of new projects and disrupt the way common risks are assumed, how the apportionment of expected benefits from joint ventures is approached, wealth transfers between generations, and so on. Such conflicts can arise between two types of culture: entrepreneurial culture, or the attitude of a territory’s players vis-à-vis the creation of CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005 9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY new projects; and the culture of integration, or the attitude of a territory’s players towards coping with exclusion and social dualism. There is a danger, at least at first, in underprivileged territories and territories affected by crises, that existing cultures will have a detrimental effect, in which case a major transformation effort will be required. • Let us consider the second type of effects, whereby culture fosters exports through an influx of tourists and visitors. If such effects are to be substantial: - The territory in question must be populous, integrated and even extensive: only under these conditions is there a chance that all of the activities required to serve tourists and visitors can be supplied locally rather than by imports from other territories (in which case there would be a loss). - Cultural activities must continue over time: occasional activities, such as festivals, often have very little impact and contribute to their territory’s development only if in the interim they give rise to activities that are more long-lasting, with economic as well as social ramifications. - The resultant employment should entail utilisation of local resources and not the import of resources from outside the territory in question, as sometimes happens. - Activities must be mutually supportive and develop in the form of clusters, quarters or districts, making it possible both to cover the cost of investments and to create new products jointly. • Let us consider the third type of effects, whereby culture causes cultural products to be produced and distributed outside the territory in question. If such effects are to be substantial: - Firms making cultural products should have local affiliations and thereby reap benefits from cultural firms at the local level. - These firms should not focus solely on aspects of their production, but should also implement marketing strategies. - The firms should be able to benefit from certain forms of recognition of their originality, if not of protection comparable to those attaching to artistic ownership. Spatial concentration: cultural quarters and districts While cultural activities may be considered possible levers for territorial development, such an outcome is neither automatic nor systematic. One can even 10 CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005
Page 1 and 2: Culture and Local Development
Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
Page 6: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 9: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the operation of
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Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A new agenda for
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION Yet these attitudes gr
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION a basis for developmen
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION Defining cultural reso
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Page 26: ISBN 92-64-00990-6 CULTURE AND LOCA
Page 29 and 30: 1. USING A TERRITORY’S CULTURE TO
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ISBN 92-64-00990-6 CULTURE AND LOCA
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3. PROMOTING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BY C
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CONCLUSION - DESIGNING LOCAL PUBLIC
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bretton, H., (2000), C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Frey B. & W.W. Pommere
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Karachalis N.,E. Kyria
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Myerscough, J. (1988),
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BIBLIOGRAPHY .Raffin, F., (1999),
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Walker et al, (2000) P
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ANNEX 1 This distinction between sh
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ANNEX 1 consumption sales of each s
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Annex 2 CHAPTER 3: PROMOTING LOCAL
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ANNEX 2 The second measure is given
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ANNEX 2 Table 1. The identification
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NOTES 16. V. Ponthieux S. (2003), p
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NOTES 44. www.ntcicfunds.com 45. id
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NOTES 69. Caserta S., & A.P. Russo
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NOTES 98. The craftsman will retain
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NOTES 116. de Filgueiras Gomes M.A.
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