OECD Culture and Local Development.pdf - PACA

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INTRODUCTION associate a creative dimension, a symbolic dimension, and the existence of intellectual property rights 4 . The difficulty with such a definition is that it is so broad that it can include, for example, sporting events. As O’Connor defines them, cultural activities are those intended to produce new content, and here again the definition is sufficiently broad that it could include any activity that gives rise to a patent 5 . Table 1.1. Definition of the creative industries • Advertising • The art & antiques market • Design • Film and video • Music • Publishing • Television • Architecture • Crafts • Designer fashion • Interactive leisure software • The performing arts • Software and computer services • Radio Source: DCMS, 1998 Table 1.2. Definition of the creative industries Immoveable product Final consumption Permanent Temporary Monuments Museums Performing arts Fairs Biennials Festivals Exhibitions Culture Moveable products Intermediate consumption Final consumption Intermediate consumption Architecture Cultural industries Fashion Furnishings Graphic arts Graphic arts Video Industrial design As interesting as these definitions are, they would seem to sidestep the real issues relating to culture and local development. Table 1.2 reconstitutes this set of activities using the consumption/production typology presented above (which will serve as the basis for presentation in this report). Content of the report This report is organised around these three roles of culture in local development: CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005 21
INTRODUCTION - the one where culture influences the behaviour of a territory’s actors, - the one where culture contributes to a territory’s development by attracting visitors and tourists, - and the one where culture contributes to the creation of products that will be exported and normally consumed outside the territory itself. Chapters 2 and 3 will deal with these perspectives. They are followed by a chapter that discusses the strategic role that culture has acquired in defining the nature and profile of present-day cities. Chapter 1 highlights the impact of culture on behaviour in a given territory. It treats culture as a set of values, norms or benchmarks that guide and shape of the behaviour of individuals and communities. This chapter considers three possible contributions of culture to a territory’s development. The first concerns modes of cooperation and organisation among players for mobilising the territory’s resources. The second has to do with players’ attitudes towards the creation of projects and activities. The third concerns the role of culture in integrating individuals or communities who are excluded or marginalised, and thus promoting sustainable local development. Chapter 2 takes the conventional approach to analysing the effects of culture on local development, which sees the source of development in the ability of cultural activities to attract tourists and visitors. This chapter discusses the principal analytical tools used for calculating these effects: contingent valuation, impact studies, multiplier effects, etc. It then highlights the relative importance of different types of cultural activities for local development: heritage buildings, museums, live performances, festivals, art fairs, landscapes, etc. It also demonstrates that the conclusions of these analyses often err on the side of optimism, and it points out their limits and their methodological assumptions. Chapter 3 substantially revises this conventional approach by stressing the role of culture in the preparation of cultural goods that are produced within a territory for export and consumption abroad. It shows why these cultural goods are linked to a specific territory and why we find clusters of such activities in some territories rather than others, a point that brings us to the consideration of “cultural districts”. It illustrates the variety of these districts, and of the conditions required for them to be sustainable. Chapter 4 is devoted to the role of culture in urban organisation. The contemporary urban fabric reveals the systematic use of cultural resources to improve living conditions, the environment or even the image of a city. This cultural fabric of the city takes on different aspects, depending on its inherited makeup. In some cases, it involves 22 CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005
Page 1 and 2: Culture and Local Development
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CONCLUSION - DESIGNING LOCAL PUBLIC
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bretton, H., (2000), C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Frey B. & W.W. Pommere
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Karachalis N.,E. Kyria
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Myerscough, J. (1988),
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BIBLIOGRAPHY .Raffin, F., (1999),
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Walker et al, (2000) P
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ANNEX 1 This distinction between sh
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ANNEX 1 consumption sales of each s
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Annex 2 CHAPTER 3: PROMOTING LOCAL
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ANNEX 2 The second measure is given
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ANNEX 2 Table 1. The identification
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NOTES 16. V. Ponthieux S. (2003), p
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NOTES 44. www.ntcicfunds.com 45. id
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NOTES 69. Caserta S., & A.P. Russo
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NOTES 116. de Filgueiras Gomes M.A.
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