OECD Culture and Local Development.pdf - PACA

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2. LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ATTRACTING VISITORS AND TOURISTS €8 million) and indirect benefits (sales of performance and co-production rights, 2 million, and spending by festival-goers, 15 million) (IMEDEP,2003). The discrepancy between the studies reflects the fact that the BIPE study took no account of sales of shows related to the festival (its market dimension), and the fact that it calculated a coefficient specific to the festival, which allowed festivalgoers’ spending to be netted out. It is reasonable to assume that the estimate of €15 million for festival-goers’ spending in the Imedep study is exaggerated. If we apply the same specific coefficient (i.e. 1.64) to such spending in 2001, we get €5.8 million, to which would be added €8 million in direct spending: this produces a ratio of 13.8 (total spending)/4.947 (total subsidies) or 2.79, compared with 1.84 in the first study. Moreover, the Imedep study estimated that some 700 jobs would be created, 96% of them through seasonal contracts. - A different kind of festival, the Wexford Opera Festival, also suggests that caution is needed when measuring the contribution of cultural activities of this type to local development (O’Hagan, 1992). This festival has been running for three weeks every year since 1951 in the little town of Wexford, about 115 km south of Dublin. It gets a subsidy from the Arts Council, which covers a quarter of its budget (the subsidy previously came from the National Tourism Board), and an indirect subsidy in the form of services provided by the National Symphony Orchestra. The initial spin-offs of this festival were assessed not in monetary terms but in terms of international prestige and sense of pride on the part of local residents and the country as a whole. Later, this international prestige produced monetary benefits in terms of tourism, and promoted economic development by bringing in firms that saw the advantage of an attractive environment for their managers and employees. In non-monetary terms, the event has boosted social cohesion by encouraging volunteer activity and engaging local people and businesses. In artistic terms, the festival is a laboratory of experimentation and innovation, with an audience that is more tolerant and more receptive to “daring” works than would be the case at a conventional event. While the festival may be considered fully justified from the public interest viewpoint, there remains a question about its financial sustainability: can government subsidies be justified by benefits to the hospitality business, and more generally to the tourism industry? In terms of job creation, the results are mixed: the festival employs only three persons full-time, but on the other hand it creates jobs indirectly in the tourism industry. The monetary spin-offs are also important. The study attempted to isolate net spin-offs by recognising that some spectators would not come to Wexford, or even to Ireland, if it were not for the festival, but also that some festivalgoers take the opportunity for some tourism on the side. The authors estimate that CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005 77
2. LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ATTRACTING VISITORS AND TOURISTS this spending could well amount to 333,000 Irish pounds. They conclude, then, that the festival attracts a significant flow of foreign tourists to Wexford and to Ireland, as well as drawing large numbers of Irish tourists to a region that is in economic decline, and that it helps to spread this activity over the year, since the festival is held outside the high tourist season. Finally, they stress that the subsidies the festival receives are low in comparison with other opera festivals in Europe, which means that the positive economic impact is even greater. Achieving a lasting effect from festivals These studies suggest that festivals probably have a less significant impact than is generally claimed. If festivals are to be a source of local development, it will be because: • They spark the creation of training, archiving and entertainment facilities. • They lead to the development of markets of a size and frequency that foster development. Piggybacking a temporary event onto permanent activities • As an example of the first point, we may consider the Recontres Internationales de la Photographie at Arles, a weeklong photography fair and exhibition that attracts some 150,000 visitors from outside the territory at the beginning of July (a figure that may be inflated by double counting, and that should probably be divided by three). The impact is limited and, in the opinion of some local observers, has no appreciable effect on tourist numbers in Arles. On the other hand, this event has over time created a training cycle that extends right through the summer: the National Photography School is now permanently ensconced, and employs 40 people full-time. In addition, the Musée Reattu now has a special fund that allows it to mount temporary exhibitions throughout the year. In other words, the festival’s impact comes not so much from its own brief presence on the scene as from the activities that it generates directly or indirectly throughout the year. The spin-offs from the Arles Lyric Arts Festival relate primarily to the permanent costume and decor studios that it supports, and that work throughout the year for various markets, regional, national or international. • An even more convincing case is the comic strip festival, the Salon de la Bande Dessinée, at Angoulême. For nearly 10 years now, thousands and then tens of thousands of visitors have flocked to this event, a local initiative that does not even have a truly specific focus. Little by little, local people, and not just those from the arts world, have come to see these new forms of artistic expression as the foundation of a true cultural industry, for a territory whose traditional processing and engineering industries are in decline. A Centre de la Bande Dessinée 78 CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005
Page 1 and 2:
Culture and Local Development
Page 3 and 4:
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
Page 6:
Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 9 and 10:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the operation of
Page 11 and 12:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY new projects; and
Page 13 and 14:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY is the fact that
Page 15 and 16:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A new agenda for
Page 17 and 18:
INTRODUCTION Yet these attitudes gr
Page 19 and 20:
INTRODUCTION a basis for developmen
Page 21 and 22:
INTRODUCTION Defining cultural reso
Page 23 and 24:
INTRODUCTION - the one where cultur
Page 26:
ISBN 92-64-00990-6 CULTURE AND LOCA
Page 29 and 30: 1. USING A TERRITORY’S CULTURE TO
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2 Local development based o
Page 54 and 55: 2. LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ATTRA
Page 94: ISBN 92-64-00990-6 CULTURE AND LOCA
Page 97 and 98: 3. PROMOTING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BY C
Page 128:
Page 131 and 132:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES ex
Page 133 and 134:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES -
Page 135 and 136:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES Be
Page 137 and 138:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES To
Page 139 and 140:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES th
Page 141 and 142:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES or
Page 143 and 144:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES im
Page 145 and 146:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES pr
Page 147 and 148:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES
Page 149 and 150:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES Ar
Page 151 and 152:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES Th
Page 153 and 154:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES Th
Page 156:
Page 159 and 160:
CONCLUSION - DESIGNING LOCAL PUBLIC
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bretton, H., (2000), C
Page 169 and 170:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Frey B. & W.W. Pommere
Page 171 and 172:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Karachalis N.,E. Kyria
Page 173 and 174:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Myerscough, J. (1988),
Page 175 and 176:
BIBLIOGRAPHY .Raffin, F., (1999),
Page 177 and 178:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Walker et al, (2000) P
Page 179 and 180:
ANNEX 1 This distinction between sh
Page 181 and 182:
ANNEX 1 consumption sales of each s
Page 184 and 185:
Annex 2 CHAPTER 3: PROMOTING LOCAL
Page 186 and 187:
ANNEX 2 The second measure is given
Page 188:
ANNEX 2 Table 1. The identification
Page 191 and 192:
NOTES 16. V. Ponthieux S. (2003), p
Page 193 and 194:
NOTES 44. www.ntcicfunds.com 45. id
Page 195 and 196:
NOTES 69. Caserta S., & A.P. Russo
Page 197 and 198:
NOTES 98. The craftsman will retain
Page 199 and 200:
NOTES 116. de Filgueiras Gomes M.A.
show all

OECD Culture and Local Development.pdf - PACA

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?