OECD Culture and Local Development.pdf - PACA

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Chapter 1 Using a territory’s culture to promote local development Culture is often defined as the set of values, norms or benchmarks that define the state of social relations, shared goals, cooperative behaviour and reciprocity among individuals and communities within a given society. Thus, culture works upon and influences an economy from the top down. In his work on Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist der Kapitalismus, Weber posed a famous question: “How do certain religious beliefs determine the appearance of an economic mentality, in other words the ethos of a certain form of economy?” and his response was no less famous: he showed how the Reformation and the rise of Puritanism led men, faced with the uncertainty of salvation, to organise their lives in a manner pleasing to God. Weber did not claim that religion or religious beliefs could explain the functioning of the economy, but he did insist that they influenced behaviour. Morishima adopts the Weber approach to explain how Taoism prevented the emergence of individual capitalism in China and how Confucianism gave Japan the foundation for state-led growth that eschewed egalitarianism. 6 It is generally accepted today, if to differing degrees, that culture as a system of values and representations can influence the functioning of the economy at least indirectly. Terms such as “culture of enterprise”, “entrepreneurial culture”, “development culture”, testify to this implication. Yet this often leads to stereotyping, citing individual examples without recognising that culture is itself a result of economic history. Moreover, there is a tendency to define abstract concepts on the basis of certain features and then to transfer them from the universal to the local. We should not be quick to transpose a way of thinking that has been developed by a society in a specific territory, and when this is attempted the approach is often reductionist 7 . Yet one thing seems clear in the analyses of local development: a culture that pays attention to the local level (not to be confused with xenophobia or parochialism) and at the same time to the international level (without destroying the local sense of community) can be an asset for its territory. Friedman argues for cultures that exhibit deep-rooted cosmopolitanism 8 , while Granovetter highlights the role of those invisible bonds that, by linking the members of the community, allow them to integrate their territory successfully into the global economy (Granovetter, 1973). This argument is reinforced by more empirical studies such as those of Putnam [note CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005 27
1. USING A TERRITORY’S CULTURE TO PROMOTE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT spelling], who looked at certain regions of Italy (Putnam, Leonardi & Nanetti, 1993) and Tood who examined French regions 9 , showing that the most developed regions are those with a culture that has strong local roots and is at the same time open to outside influences (Ponthieux, 2003). How then can we specify the channels through which culture contributes to local development? We may consider three successive dimensions. • The first concerns the influence that a culture may have on the way a territory is organised: this debate overlaps that about the role of social capital, of which culture may constitute one factor. • The second concerns the influence of culture on a territory’s ability to think in terms of projects and entrepreneurship. • The third concerns the way in which a territory’s culture defines its internal social relations in terms of reciprocity and integration. Culture as a lever for organising the territory Local development implies the proper organisation of relations between players in a territory. While not a sufficient condition, this makes it possible to analyse local resources, to elaborate a common vision of potential development, and to make investments that will be mutually reinforcing in the sense of having reciprocal external effects. The history of local development is replete with situations where players agree to look to the future and to invest locally because they know that other investments will be made to complement their own. Take for example the idea of the “project”, which is often said to lie at the basis of local development experiments. The project translates a desire to bend or break the determinism that has held back the territory. It is also a way of protecting the territory from unforeseen hazards. It allows agents to communicate with each other. By reconstructing its identity and encouraging the pursuit of initiatives, better communication can counter the forces that might drive activities out of the territory and those that inhibit its ability to attract new activities. Through communication and shared points or reference, local initiatives can thus generate positive images, re-forge the bonds between communities that have gone their separate ways, and develop the required complementarities, whether of a commercial or a non-market nature. Ways of making contact, shared points of reference, and the relationships of trust that both give rise to and flow from them thus constitute the essence of local development. This point was recognised by the OECD in its report on social capital 10 : “Societies founded on networks of trust and cooperation can help to realise human 28 CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005
Page 1 and 2: Culture and Local Development
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ISBN 92-64-00990-6 CULTURE AND LOCA
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CONCLUSION - DESIGNING LOCAL PUBLIC
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bretton, H., (2000), C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Frey B. & W.W. Pommere
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Karachalis N.,E. Kyria
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Myerscough, J. (1988),
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BIBLIOGRAPHY .Raffin, F., (1999),
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Walker et al, (2000) P
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ANNEX 1 This distinction between sh
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ANNEX 1 consumption sales of each s
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Annex 2 CHAPTER 3: PROMOTING LOCAL
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ANNEX 2 The second measure is given
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ANNEX 2 Table 1. The identification
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NOTES 16. V. Ponthieux S. (2003), p
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NOTES 44. www.ntcicfunds.com 45. id
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NOTES 69. Caserta S., & A.P. Russo
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NOTES 116. de Filgueiras Gomes M.A.
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