OECD Culture and Local Development.pdf - PACA

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ANNEX 2 The second measure is given by Gb i : Gb 2 i k = [ i ( Z k − Z k m Z ) 2 ∑ k i i sk Z k = i i x i with and is the ranking of the geographic unit when units are ranked i Z k by increasing order of . This index falls between 0 and 1. If it is 1, concentration is maximised, and if it is 0, dispersion is maximised. These indicators can be used to identify territories, while at the national level they identify different degrees of concentration for sectors of activity. Thus, in the case of France, if we distinguish the arts, culture (the arts plus cultural industries) and creativity (culture plus certain so-called creative industries) by increasing order of extension, we find growing indices of concentration. This reinforces the hypothesis of cultural and creative arts districts as opposed to the notion that these activities are scattered throughout the territory. (Paris has been left out of the sample to avoid biasing it through that city’s very high concentration of artistic, cultural and creative activities, and to provide a more useful overview of the hypotheses tested). Table 1. Concentration indices for three types of activity (France excluding the City of Paris) HERFINDHAL GINI 1 GINI 2 Art 0.12 0.11 0.03 Culture 0.19 0.13 0.25 Creativity 0.29 0.18 0.44 Source: Greffe X. & Simmonet, V. (April 2004), Analyse de l'identification des concentrations culturelles, Paris: DATAR, p.23-6 Annex 2.2. Synergy Specialisation and concentration may not be enough to define a district or cluster, because the determining factor will be the quality of interdependencies among the industries in the territory concerned. Yet, as with concentration, synergy only deserves attention if it appears more prominently than does synergy among the same activities at the national level. For example, while it is logical to expect a certain flow of trade between book publishing and image publishing at the national level, a district for these businesses will not appear unless the flow is greater than the national figure. The first step is to define the correlations between activities that appear logically at the national level. The second step is to identify the quality of synergy within a given territory, in order to determine whether it is of greater quality than synergy at the national level. CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005 185
ANNEX 2 The first stage, then, is to construct correlation matrices. Their number will depend on the type of indicators (jobs or firms) and of reference territories (regions, cities etc.). These matrices provide correlation coefficients: coefficients of + 1 reflect maximum synergies and coefficients of - 1 imply the weakest linkages. We cannot expect to find coefficients that are too high, and so we will look first for intersectoral linkages with coefficients of at least 0.9, then 0.8, 0.7 and so on. Having identified clusters of two or three sectors of activity that, at the national level, show positive interdependence ratios, we then look for territories that meet these hypotheses as a minimum. For this, we have indices of concentration by activityterritory. This index gives the ratio between the proportion of a cultural sector for a territory and its proportion for the whole economy. If the ratio exceeds 2, the concentration is considered significant, and if it exceeds 4, it is considered very strong. When these clusters involve only two sectors, those two sectors within the territory must show significant concentration if the territory is to be considered a district. For other clusters, consisting of a greater number of sectors, the concentration rule can be relaxed. In effect, the correlation coefficients underestimate the existence of intersectoral links, which would show up only rarely at the territorial level, and so it is better not to discard potential districts. At this point, some clusters are regrouped if they are found within the same units of territories, on the condition that the correlation coefficients are greater than 0.5 We can now go on to describe the district more precisely, the using the analysis of concentrations in terms of enterprises, jobs, etc. Table 1 shows this approach as applied to France in 2003. 186 CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005
Page 1 and 2:
Culture and Local Development
Page 3 and 4:
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
Page 6:
Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 9 and 10:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the operation of
Page 11 and 12:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY new projects; and
Page 13 and 14:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY is the fact that
Page 15 and 16:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A new agenda for
Page 17 and 18:
INTRODUCTION Yet these attitudes gr
Page 19 and 20:
INTRODUCTION a basis for developmen
Page 21 and 22:
INTRODUCTION Defining cultural reso
Page 23 and 24:
INTRODUCTION - the one where cultur
Page 26:
ISBN 92-64-00990-6 CULTURE AND LOCA
Page 29 and 30:
1. USING A TERRITORY’S CULTURE TO
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 52 and 53:
Chapter 2 Local development based o
Page 54 and 55:
2. LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ATTRA
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94:
Page 97 and 98:
3. PROMOTING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BY C
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 128:
Page 131 and 132:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES ex
Page 133 and 134:
4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES -
Page 135 and 136: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES Be
Page 137 and 138: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES To
Page 139 and 140: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES th
Page 141 and 142: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES or
Page 143 and 144: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES im
Page 145 and 146: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES pr
Page 147 and 148: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES
Page 149 and 150: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES Ar
Page 151 and 152: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES Th
Page 153 and 154: 4. THE CULTURAL FABRIC OF CITIES Th
Page 156: ISBN 92-64-00990-6 CULTURE AND LOCA
Page 159 and 160: CONCLUSION - DESIGNING LOCAL PUBLIC
Page 167 and 168: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bretton, H., (2000), C
Page 169 and 170: BIBLIOGRAPHY Frey B. & W.W. Pommere
Page 171 and 172: BIBLIOGRAPHY Karachalis N.,E. Kyria
Page 173 and 174: BIBLIOGRAPHY Myerscough, J. (1988),
Page 175 and 176: BIBLIOGRAPHY .Raffin, F., (1999),
Page 177 and 178: BIBLIOGRAPHY Walker et al, (2000) P
Page 179 and 180: ANNEX 1 This distinction between sh
Page 181 and 182: ANNEX 1 consumption sales of each s
Page 184 and 185: Annex 2 CHAPTER 3: PROMOTING LOCAL
Page 188: ANNEX 2 Table 1. The identification
Page 191 and 192: NOTES 16. V. Ponthieux S. (2003), p
Page 193 and 194: NOTES 44. www.ntcicfunds.com 45. id
Page 195 and 196: NOTES 69. Caserta S., & A.P. Russo
Page 197 and 198: NOTES 98. The craftsman will retain
Page 199 and 200: NOTES 116. de Filgueiras Gomes M.A.
show all

OECD Culture and Local Development.pdf - PACA

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?