OECD Culture and Local Development.pdf - PACA

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3. PROMOTING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BY CREATING CULTURAL PRODUCTS - The third step will be to identify cluster facilitators, recognising that the underlying approach must be one of teamwork, formal or not, that needs to be nudged along rather than directed. Being able to supply new information can play an important role here. Identification and statistical measurement of cultural and creative districts There are a number of criteria that can be used for identifying a cultural district and measuring its importance. As a precondition for any such analysis, however, the basic fields of activity must be identified. While there is generally no problem in identifying artistic activities and cultural industries, compiling the list of “creative” activities where culture plays a key role in determining new products is more complicated. The range is broad enough to include musical instrument making and advertising, wood sculpture and perfume making. The Annex provides three typologies used in the United States, in France and in the United Kingdom. On that basis, we may use three criteria: specialisation, concentration, and synergy (Greffe & Simmonet, 2003). Specialisation A specific district or cluster can be identified on the basis of a local specialty. There are several criteria to be applied: • Paid employment: there must be a minimum number of wage earners in the activity. • The number of establishments: the district must have a minimum number of employers in the same activity. • Degree of concentration: the number of establishments within the district must be at least double the average national density. • Degree of specialisation: the degree of specialisation among establishments in the district must not be less than the national average. This method is very difficult to apply for cultural districts where employment levels are low. Moreover, even if the number of jobs exceeds a certain threshold this may not be very meaningful if it is still low, for example below the national average for this type of employment (Greffe & S. Concentration Indicators of concentration take the ratio of the percentage of employment in the given sector to the average percentage of this kind of employment in the economy. There are several indicator series available. (See Annex 2.1.) CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005 123
3. PROMOTING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BY CREATING CULTURAL PRODUCTS These indicators can be used to identify territories, while at the national level they identify different degrees of concentration for sectors of activity. Thus, in the case of France, if we distinguish the arts, culture (the arts plus cultural industries) and creativity (culture plus certain so-called creative industries) by increasing order of extension, we find growing indices of concentration (Table 3.4.). This reinforces the hypothesis of cultural and creative arts districts as opposed to the notion that these activities are scattered throughout the territory. (Paris has been left out of the sample to avoid biasing it through that city’s very high concentration of artistic, cultural and creative activities, and to provide a more useful overview of the hypotheses tested). Table 3.4. Concentration indices for three types of activity (France excluding the City of Paris) HERFINDHAL GINI 1 GINI 2 Art 0.12 0.11 0.03 Culture 0.19 0.13 0.25 Creativity 0.29 0.18 0.44 Source: Greffe X. & Simmonet, V. (April 2004), Analyse de l'identification des concentrations culturelles, Paris: DATAR, p.23-6 Synergy Specialisation and concentration may not be enough to define a district or cluster, because the determining factor will be the quality of interdependencies among the industries in the territory concerned. Yet, as with concentration, synergy only deserves attention if it appears more prominently than does synergy among the same activities at the national level. For example, while it is logical to expect a certain flow of trade between book publishing and image publishing at the national level, a district for these businesses will not appear unless the flow is greater than the national figure. The first step is to define the correlations between activities that appear logically at the national level. The second step is to identify the quality of synergy within a given territory, in order to determine whether it is of greater quality than synergy at the national level (See Annex 2.2). These three series of statistical methods can produce some surprising results. For France, principal cultural districts identified were different, depending on the technique used (specialisation, concentration or synergy). The specialisation approach tends to confirm a priori impressions. The concentration analysis shows that those impressions are false, and that some cities are either more or less creative than expected. With the most rigorous approach, that of synergy, the results are surprising. Thus, the city that comes out as the leading cultural and creative district is Besançon, whereas Avignon, with a very strong reputation in these fields, turns out to be particularly poorly 124 CULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT - ISBN 92-64-00990-6 - © OECD 2005
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Culture and Local Development
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the operation of
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY new projects; and
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY is the fact that
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A new agenda for
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INTRODUCTION Yet these attitudes gr
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INTRODUCTION a basis for developmen
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INTRODUCTION Defining cultural reso
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INTRODUCTION - the one where cultur
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ISBN 92-64-00990-6 CULTURE AND LOCA
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1. USING A TERRITORY’S CULTURE TO
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Chapter 2 Local development based o
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2. LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ATTRA
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BIBLIOGRAPHY .Raffin, F., (1999),
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Walker et al, (2000) P
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ANNEX 1 This distinction between sh
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ANNEX 1 consumption sales of each s
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Annex 2 CHAPTER 3: PROMOTING LOCAL
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ANNEX 2 The second measure is given
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ANNEX 2 Table 1. The identification
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NOTES 16. V. Ponthieux S. (2003), p
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NOTES 44. www.ntcicfunds.com 45. id
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NOTES 69. Caserta S., & A.P. Russo
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NOTES 98. The craftsman will retain
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NOTES 116. de Filgueiras Gomes M.A.
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