epr-method (2003) - IAEA Publications - International Atomic Energy ...

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(i) internal exposure to the whole body leading to clinical signs and symptoms of acute radiation syndrome; (ii) external contamination; (iii) internal contamination, (iv) local radiation injuries, and (v) combined injuries (radiation plus conventional trauma); (3) if continued care of the casualties in the requesting State is not feasible, to recommend to authorities to co-ordinate their transfer to a specialized centre outside the State, taking into consideration the potential impact on their psychological status 138 ; and (4) to provide advice and recommend actions, if necessary, for decontamination and prevention of further radiation exposures of the population; to provide advice on public health actions. BIT: Bioassay Team (1) to identify and determine levels of specific radionuclides using in-vivo bioassay techniques (whole body and organ counting and external counting at wound sites); (2) to identify and determine levels of specific radionuclides in body excreta and in other biological materials such as nasal swabs, hair, blood; (3) to interpret the data in terms of committed effective dose, using appropriate models endorsed by the <strong>IAEA</strong> or the ICRP; and (4) to interpret data during decorporation treatment, evaluate its efficiency, assess committed doses taking treatment into consideration. RPT: Radiopathology Team (1) to obtain the appropriate tissue samples through biopsy or autopsy procedures; (2) to prepare samples for histopathological analysis; and (3) to conduct the evaluation of the samples. BDT: Biodosimetry Team (1) to obtain the appropriate samples; (2) to prepare samples; and (3) to conduct the analysis and evaluation. EST: Emergency Sampling Team (1) to perform air sampling; (2) to perform sampling of potentially contaminated soil, food, feed, water, etc.; and (3) to conduct measurements of gamma dose rates. DET: Decontamination Team (1) to perform personal and equipment decontamination; and (2) to conduct personal and equipment contamination monitoring. PST: In-Plant Survey Team (1) to conduct measurements of radiation levels inside the facility; and (2) to identify contamination hazards inside the facility. LAB: Laboratory Facility – Team (local, regional or national) (1) to receive and prepare samples; (2) to identify specific radionuclides in samples; and (3) to measure radionuclide concentrations in samples. 138 A patient’s written informed consent is required prior to transfer to another State. 232
A15.2 SUGGESTED SPECIFICATIONS FOR TEAMS 139 EST: EMERGENCY SAMPLING TEAM Expertise The EST should have sufficient competence and experience within the following areas: (1) sampling strategies and sampling techniques; (2) dose rate monitoring; and (3) basic radiation protection. Staffing The EST should comprise at least two members with proficiency in all aspects from (1) to (3). Equipment The following is an indicative list of equipment that should be available and maintained: Radiation survey instruments and sources EST.1 low range gamma plus beta survey monitor EST.2 alpha/beta contamination monitor or probe EST.3 set of check sources Personal protection equipment and supplies per team member EST.4 self–reading dosimeter EST.5 permanent dosimeter EST.6 protective overalls EST.7 overshoes EST.8 dust masks EST.9 cotton gloves EST.10 vinyl gloves EST.11 rubber gloves EST.12 thyroid blocking agent (reactor response only) EST.13 decontamination kit EST.14 identification badge EST.15 torch Sampling equipment EST.16 portable air sampler – 12 V EST.17 portable air sampler – mains/generator operated EST.18 aerosol filters EST.19 charcoal (or zeolite) cartridges EST.20 soil sampling device EST.21 filter paper for smears or shears EST.22 shovel EST.23 funnel EST.24 knives and spoons EST.25 measuring tape EST.26 plastic bags EST.27 plastic containers EST.28 plastic bottles EST.29 sample tags EST.30 sampling location markers 139 The specifications for ERNET equivalent teams are in [38]. 233
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EPR- METHOD 2003 Method for Develop
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The originating Section of this pub
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EDITORIAL NOTE The use of particula
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4.2.8. Managing the medical respons
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1.2. OBJECTIVE This publication pro
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not appear for days, weeks or even
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TABLE I. FIVE CATEGORIES OF NUCLEAR
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2.1.3. AREAS AND ZONES For most eme
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National border Facility On-Site PA
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Typically, the operator declares a
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National (all hazards) emergency pl
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The co-ordinator should have in-dep
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(1) precautionary 9 urgent protecti
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2.2.6. TASK 3 — DEVELOP PLANNING
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TABLE IV. EMERGENCY THREAT CATEGORY
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2.2.12. TASK 9 — TEST CAPABILITY
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IDENTIFICATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF CR
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28 APPLICABLE CATEGORY THREAT CRITI
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4. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONSIDERA
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factors. Methods for compensation a
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Public exposure/contamination emerg
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exposure, protect the people nearby
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that could contribute to similar ov
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44 4.2.1. Establishing emergency ma
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46 A1 - ESTABLISHING EMERGENCY MANA
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48 A2 - IDENTIFYING, NOTIFYING AND
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56 A3 - TAKING MITIGATORY ACTION Th
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58 A3 - TAKING MITIGATORY ACTION Th
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60 A4 - TAKING URGENT PROTECTIVE AC
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62 A4 - TAKING URGENT PROTECTIVE AC
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64 4.2.5. Providing information, an
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66 A5 - PROVIDING INFORMATION AND I
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68 A6 - PROTECTING EMERGENCY WORKER
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70 A6 - PROTECTING EMERGENCY WORKER
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72 A7 - ASSESSING THE INITIAL PHASE
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74 A7 - ASSESSING THE INITIAL PHASE
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76 A8 - MANAGING THE MEDICAL RESPON
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78 A8 - MANAGING THE MEDICAL RESPON
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80 A9 - KEEPING THE PUBLIC INFORMED
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82 A10 - TAKING AGRICULTURAL COUNTE
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84 A10 - TAKING AGRICULTURAL COUNTE
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86 4.2.11. Mitigating the non-radio
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88 4.2.12. Conducting recovery oper
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90 4.2.13. Authority (B1 elements)
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92 4.2.14. Organization (B2 element
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94 4.2.15. Co-ordination of emergen
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96 B3- CO-ORDINATION OF EMERGENCY R
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98 B4 - PLANS AND PROCEDURES Threat
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100 B4 - PLANS AND PROCEDURES Threa
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102 4.2.17. Logistical support and
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104 B5 - LOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND FAC
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106 4.2.18. Training, drills and ex
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108 B6 - TRAINING, DRILLS AND EXERC
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110 B7 - QUALITY ASSURANCE Threat c
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Appendix 1 GENERIC INTERVENTION AND
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TABLE A1-III. GENERIC ACTION LEVELS
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Appendix 3 EMERGENCY WORKER GUIDANC
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Appendix 4 TYPICAL THREAT CATEGORIE
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Fuel cycle Practice Uranium milling
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Practice ≥ 2 100 MW(th) < 2 MW(th
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Practice Lost /stolen dangerous sou
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THREAT CATEGORY I AND II FACILITIES
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(2) At these radial distances there
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General emergency Emergency class d
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Site area emergency Emergency class
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Facility emergency Emergency class
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Appendix 7 ACTION GUIDES FOR RADIOL
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terrorist threats. — If public co
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— If public contamination or expo
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— If a device is found, implement
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command, operational safety, public
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— Conduct an investigation, in cl
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Damaged dangerous source Descriptio
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contaminated/exposed individuals an
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— Activate response using the ICS
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Radioactive satellite re-entry Radi
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Nuclear weapons accident Descriptio
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— Co-ordinate with the State resp
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— Evaluate all available informat
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Element A2.15). Incident investigat
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— Notify potentially affected Sta
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— Assess likely exposures of publ
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— Ensure operational guidance (OI
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Explosive radiological dispersal de
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needed (see Element A9.1) 77 . Radi
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— If a dangerous source is to be
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Intentional contamination of food/p
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• securing the scene against poss
Page 187 and 188: Appendix 8 DANGEROUS QUANTITIES OF
Page 189 and 190: Sources and material 105 Radionucli
Page 191 and 192: Appendix 9 INFORMATION NEEDS FOR TH
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 10 RESPONSE TIME OBJECTIVE
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 11 URGENT PROTECTIVE ACTIO
Page 197 and 198: A12.1 NATIONAL RADIATION EMERGENCY
Page 199 and 200: 2.6 Response communications (see El
Page 201 and 202: accomplished by use of a single spo
Page 203 and 204: List all major ministries and agenc
Page 205 and 206: A12.2 PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS O
Page 207 and 208: implementing procedures that will b
Page 209 and 210: 3.12 Financing operations See the o
Page 211 and 212: A12.3 FACILITY (ON-SITE) EMERGENCY
Page 213 and 214: 3.1 Notification, activation and re
Page 215 and 216: 4.7 Exercises 4.8 Quality assurance
Page 217 and 218: 2. NORMAL STANDING INSTRUCTIONS 2.1
Page 219 and 220: 10. STEPS (ACTIONS) List steps and
Page 221 and 222: Unity of command, where each person
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Page 225 and 226: planning for the long term and reco
Page 227 and 228: The medical and radiation protectio
Page 229 and 230: (1) command functions as part of th
Page 231 and 232: TABLE A14-I. RECOMMENDED EMERGENCY
Page 233 and 234: Facility/ location Functions Charac
Page 235 and 236: Appendix 15 EMERGENCY RADIATION RES
Page 237: A15.1 OBJECTIVES OF EMERGENCY RADIA
Page 241 and 242: DET: DECONTAMINATION TEAM Expertise
Page 243 and 244: PST: IN-PLANT SURVEY TEAM Expertise
Page 245 and 246: LAB: LABORATORY FACILITIES - TEAM A
Page 247 and 248: The actual facilities, equipment an
Page 249 and 250: Appendix 17 CATEGORIZATION OF TERRO
Page 251 and 252: TABLE A17-I PROPOSED TERRORIST/CRIM
Page 253 and 254: PLAIN LANGUAGE STATEMENTS A/D< 0.01
Page 255 and 256: cleaned up would depend on many fac
Page 257 and 258: [15] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AG
Page 259 and 260: [55] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AG
Page 261 and 262: ends when the situation is under co
Page 263 and 264: and directly (without further asses
Page 265 and 266: (4) A discovery of the loss or illi
Page 267 and 268: RAB RDD RF RMAC SPDS SRF T TLD TSC
Page 269 and 270: BENCHMARKS FOR INHALATION AI.5 Sele
Page 271 and 272: CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
Page 273: da Silva, F. Sinkko, K.T.S. Smith,
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