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Appendix 16 RADIATION PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FOR ON-SITE EMERGENCY WORKERS (1) The equipment provided depends on the severity of the hazard, and could include the following: (2) Respiratory protection: self-contained breathing apparatus is most effective. Filtercanister masks provide a good protection against iodines and particulate but are not effective against tritium. (3) Protective clothing: protective clothing must be based on the type of hazard. For emergencies in threat categories I, II and III, the high skin doses which can be received from beta radiation should be taken into consideration. For example, there should be no exposed skin; for fire fighters, protective suits should be non-plastic (or of a material which melts on the skin); for personnel expected to perform hard work and/or get wet, suits should be waterproof. (4) Thyroid blocking agent (threat categories I and II): it should be issued to all emergency workers prior to potential radioiodine exposures. (5) Dosimeters: each worker should wear thermoluminescent dosimeters in order to provide a record of the accumulated dose after the emergency. Each person on the team should carry a self-reading (e.g. electronic) dosimeter (up to 250 mSv). (6) Survey instruments: at least one person in each team should carry a very high dose rate metre (up to 10 Gy/h). Contamination survey instruments must be available to monitor emergency workers on their exit from contaminated areas. These could include: handand-foot monitors, portal monitors, portable portal monitors, contamination probes (pancake probes) and scintillator probes. Care must be taken to avoid contaminating the probes. (7) Clothing: spare clothing and disposal facilities (plastic bags) should be available at the control point to replace contaminated clothing, as required. (8) Communication equipment that is operational in the areas where personnel may travel. 242
Appendix 17 CATEGORIZATION OF TERRORIST ACTS AND THREATS THEREOF 140 There are typically two types of terrorist acts or threats: specific and non-specific. Specific acts or threats involve an act or receipt of a threat to commit an act. A non-specific threat typically involves intelligence or other information indicating that someone is possibly preparing to commit a terrorist act. These acts or threats can be characterized as shown in Table A17-I. For each category the response should be predetermined as discussed in the table. Specific acts or threats An assessment of a specific threat should address the following issues: (1) What is the motive and is it credible? Credible motives could include: extortion (e.g. demand for financial gain); political issues; social issues, moral outrage, revenge or a bizarre rationale of a mentally deranged person. (2) Does it appear likely that the threatened action can be carried out? Does it appear they have the necessary expertise, information, material, supplies, access etc? Did they provide sufficient information on the material and device to support their threat? (3) What would be the effects if the threat were carried out? This would include health, economic and psychological impacts. The economic and psychological impacts are a function of the risk as perceived by the public and not the actual health risk! (4) What can be done to reduce the impact if the threat is carried out? It is also essential to recognize that the culprits generally fall into three categories of individuals: (1) Professional - a criminal or terrorist with scientific/technical knowledge of radioactive or nuclear materials, coupled with possible access to the resources necessary to carry out the threat. (2) Amateur - a person lacking in scientific/technical knowledge and without any obvious resource capability to carry out the threat. (3) Deranged - a person who is mentally deranged and operating to a personal rationale that may have no logic or reason. An assessment of all known factors should be done to determine whether there is a realistic and viable threat and thus considered a credible threat. A threat is credible if it appears that it can be carried out so as to have a significant radiological, psychological or economic impact. Individuals should conduct this assessment with expertise in law enforcement, psychology, radiological science and technology, radiation induced health effects, INDs, RDDs and terrorist acts involving radioactive or fissionable materials 141 . Support in assessing radiation or nuclear related threats could be obtained through the <strong>IAEA</strong> under the Assistance Convention using the procedures in Ref. [23]. 140 This includes bomb threats, bombings, sabotage, attacks, kidnapping, hostages taking, theft of radioactive or fissionable material, or suspicious acts potentially resulting in an actual or perceived radiation emergency. 141 This includes contamination of people, areas, consumer products, mail or exposure of people or public areas. 243
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EPR- METHOD 2003 Method for Develop
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The originating Section of this pub
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EDITORIAL NOTE The use of particula
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4.2.8. Managing the medical respons
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1.2. OBJECTIVE This publication pro
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not appear for days, weeks or even
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TABLE I. FIVE CATEGORIES OF NUCLEAR
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2.1.3. AREAS AND ZONES For most eme
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National border Facility On-Site PA
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Typically, the operator declares a
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National (all hazards) emergency pl
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The co-ordinator should have in-dep
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(1) precautionary 9 urgent protecti
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2.2.6. TASK 3 — DEVELOP PLANNING
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TABLE IV. EMERGENCY THREAT CATEGORY
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2.2.12. TASK 9 — TEST CAPABILITY
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IDENTIFICATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF CR
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28 APPLICABLE CATEGORY THREAT CRITI
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4. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONSIDERA
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factors. Methods for compensation a
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Public exposure/contamination emerg
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exposure, protect the people nearby
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that could contribute to similar ov
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44 4.2.1. Establishing emergency ma
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46 A1 - ESTABLISHING EMERGENCY MANA
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48 A2 - IDENTIFYING, NOTIFYING AND
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56 A3 - TAKING MITIGATORY ACTION Th
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58 A3 - TAKING MITIGATORY ACTION Th
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60 A4 - TAKING URGENT PROTECTIVE AC
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62 A4 - TAKING URGENT PROTECTIVE AC
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64 4.2.5. Providing information, an
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66 A5 - PROVIDING INFORMATION AND I
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68 A6 - PROTECTING EMERGENCY WORKER
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70 A6 - PROTECTING EMERGENCY WORKER
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72 A7 - ASSESSING THE INITIAL PHASE
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74 A7 - ASSESSING THE INITIAL PHASE
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76 A8 - MANAGING THE MEDICAL RESPON
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78 A8 - MANAGING THE MEDICAL RESPON
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80 A9 - KEEPING THE PUBLIC INFORMED
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82 A10 - TAKING AGRICULTURAL COUNTE
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84 A10 - TAKING AGRICULTURAL COUNTE
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86 4.2.11. Mitigating the non-radio
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88 4.2.12. Conducting recovery oper
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90 4.2.13. Authority (B1 elements)
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92 4.2.14. Organization (B2 element
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94 4.2.15. Co-ordination of emergen
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96 B3- CO-ORDINATION OF EMERGENCY R
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98 B4 - PLANS AND PROCEDURES Threat
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100 B4 - PLANS AND PROCEDURES Threa
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102 4.2.17. Logistical support and
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104 B5 - LOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND FAC
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106 4.2.18. Training, drills and ex
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108 B6 - TRAINING, DRILLS AND EXERC
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110 B7 - QUALITY ASSURANCE Threat c
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Appendix 1 GENERIC INTERVENTION AND
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TABLE A1-III. GENERIC ACTION LEVELS
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Appendix 3 EMERGENCY WORKER GUIDANC
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Appendix 4 TYPICAL THREAT CATEGORIE
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Fuel cycle Practice Uranium milling
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Practice ≥ 2 100 MW(th) < 2 MW(th
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Practice Lost /stolen dangerous sou
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THREAT CATEGORY I AND II FACILITIES
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(2) At these radial distances there
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General emergency Emergency class d
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Site area emergency Emergency class
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Facility emergency Emergency class
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Appendix 7 ACTION GUIDES FOR RADIOL
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terrorist threats. — If public co
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— If public contamination or expo
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— If a device is found, implement
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command, operational safety, public
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— Conduct an investigation, in cl
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Damaged dangerous source Descriptio
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contaminated/exposed individuals an
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— Activate response using the ICS
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Radioactive satellite re-entry Radi
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Nuclear weapons accident Descriptio
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— Co-ordinate with the State resp
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— Evaluate all available informat
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Element A2.15). Incident investigat
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— Notify potentially affected Sta
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— Assess likely exposures of publ
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— Ensure operational guidance (OI
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Explosive radiological dispersal de
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needed (see Element A9.1) 77 . Radi
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— If a dangerous source is to be
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Intentional contamination of food/p
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• securing the scene against poss
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Appendix 8 DANGEROUS QUANTITIES OF
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Sources and material 105 Radionucli
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Appendix 9 INFORMATION NEEDS FOR TH
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Appendix 10 RESPONSE TIME OBJECTIVE
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Appendix 11 URGENT PROTECTIVE ACTIO
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Page 261 and 262: ends when the situation is under co
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Page 269 and 270: BENCHMARKS FOR INHALATION AI.5 Sele
Page 271 and 272: CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
Page 273: da Silva, F. Sinkko, K.T.S. Smith,
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