Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Box 3.8: Water and sanitation are essential for poverty reduction Water and sanitation are important strategic tools for poverty reduction, because they: • result in quantifiable benefits with substantial direct economic value; • are cost-effective, with benefits outweighing costs by a factor of more than ten to one; • reduce the need for public expenditures in other sectors, such as curative health services, and make in others, such as education, more effective; • stimulate a chain reaction of economic growth and poverty alleviation; and • are highly valued by the poor. Source: The Case for Water and Sanitation, Clarissa Brocklehurst, 2004 There are two main sources of information on access to and use of water and sanitation: the routine monitoring systems of the National Water Directorate (DNA) and household surveys conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (INE). Both sources measure different type of indicators. While the National Water Directorate focuses on access to safe water and sanitation, household surveys focus on the use of safe water source and sanitary means of excreta disposal. Both sources also use different definitions of urban and rural areas. 42 The National Water Directorate measures access to safe water based on the standard that every safe water point should serve 500 people in a radius of not more than 500 metres. Safe water is defined as piped water and water from wells or boreholes with a pump. Protected wells without a pump are not considered safe as contamination of water can occur in the process of fetching the water. According to this measurement, the National Water Directorate calculated in 2004 that 40 per cent of the population had access to safe water, with a slightly smaller proportion in urban areas (36 per cent) than rural areas (41 per cent). The National Water Directorate also estimated in 2004 that 33 per cent of the population had access to good sanitation, with no difference between urban and rural areas. On the other hand, INE measures the use of safe water source without including the factor of distance to the water point. Use of safe water source is defined as the proportion of households who use any of the following types of water supply for drinking: piped water, public tap and borehole/well with a hand pump. The latest household survey (IFTRAB 2004/2005) indicates that only 36 per cent of the population use a safe drinking water source, with massive disparities between urban areas and rural areas (66 per cent with safe water in urban areas and 23 per cent in rural areas). Data from all household surveys conducted by INE since the year 2000 show no improvement in the use of safe water sources, with measures of 37 per cent in 2000 (QUIBB), 36 per cent in 2002/2003 (IAF) and 37 per cent in 2003 (DHS). 42 The water sector considers urban areas to include only 13 major cities, while the definition of urban areas used by INE in the 2003 DHS was 13 cities and 68 secondary towns. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 113
100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water source and sanitary means of excreta disposal % 80 78 60 66 40 46 32 36 20 23 0 Rural Urban Total Mozambique Water Sanitation Source: IFTRAB 2004/2005 As for sanitation, household surveys measure the use of sanitary means of excreta disposal, defined as the proportion of population who have, within their dwelling or compound, a toilet connected to a sewage system; any other flush toilet (private or public); an improved latrine or traditional latrine. Sanitation data also indicate little improvement over time. The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey indicated that the use of sanitary means of excreta disposal is 46 per cent at national level, with significant disparities between urban areas (78 per cent) and rural areas (32 per cent). Sanitation coverage was estimated at 41 per cent in 2000 (QUIBB), 45 per cent in 2002/2003 (IAF) and 48 per cent in 2003 (DHS). In rural areas, most households use water from non-protected wells (53 per cent), followed by water from well/boreholes with a manual pump (21 per cent) and surface water (20 per cent). Surface water is the most unsafe source of water. In Tete province, the proportion of households using surface water for drinking reaches as high as 32 per cent. In comparison, the main source of drinking water in urban areas is piped water (56 per cent), followed by water from non-protected wells (19 per cent) and water from well/boreholes with a manual pump (10 per cent). Figure 3.23: Type of water source used in rural areas Non-protected well 53% Surface water (lake, river) 20% Other 1% Piped water 1% Source: IFTRAB 2004/2005 Protected well without pump 3% Well/borehole with hand pump 21% Public piped water 1% 114 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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