Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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As many as 34 per cent of women who participated in a study carried out for the Ministry for Women and Social Action in 2004 reported having been beaten. The perpetrator of the violence was most frequently the woman’s husband or a close relative or acquaintance. 10 per cent of respondents reported having been subjected to some form of sexual abuse. Women in rural areas reported higher levels of violence than women in urban areas (UEM 2004). 62 The 2004 Ministry for Women and Social Action study concluded that the cultural acceptance of violence is a major cause of domestic violence. DHS findings from 2003 also describe a generally accepting attitude among both men and women towards violence: • 54 per cent of women stated that men had the right to beat them under certain circumstances, such as leaving the house without informing the husband or refusing sex. Women in the poorest quintile were most likely to demonstrate an accepting attitude to this violence. An attitude of acceptance was more prevalent in rural areas, where 57.5 per cent of women accepted violence compared to 48.2 per cent in urban areas. 63 • 41 per cent of men demonstrated an accepting attitude to violence, with no notable variation between urban and rural areas. Men in the poorest quintile were more likely to be accepting (42.6 per cent) compared with men in the wealthiest quintile (38.6 per cent) (INE 2005: 48-50). There are currently 96 help centres established in Mozambique for women and child victims of violence and abuse. These centres reported 16,000 cases in 2004. Although this figure is not disaggregated by age, it is estimated that half of these victims were children (Government response to UN Questionnaire on Violence against Children). In its 2004 study “Don’t suffer silently”, the organisation “Women and Law in Southern Africa (WLSA) analysed data of the centres for assistance in Maputo City and Province, and in Sofala province for 2000 to 2003. According to this study, a total of 289 cases of violence and abuse against children were registered: 213 of these were against girls between 0 and 16 years of age. The great majority of the crimes were committed within the direct family environment (WLSA 2004). According to the figures in the Public Prosecutors report of 2004, there were 134 cases of violence against children and 110 cases of violence against women that year. Given the prevailing context of acceptance of domestic abuse and low levels of confidence in the police and justice system, these small numbers suggest that the vast majority of cases went unreported. Case studies suggest that there is a high level of sexual abuse in the school system. In a recent study supported by Save the Children, CARE International, MEC and Rede- CAME/FDC, it was estimated that at least 8 per cent of school children had suffered physical sexual abuse (SC et al 2005). 64 A further 35 per cent had experienced sexual harassment involving verbal persuasion. Actual levels of sexual abuse are likely to be higher, as 22 per cent of the girls interviewed did not recognize forced intercourse as abuse and as many as 35 per cent did not consider that verbal harassment constituted abuse (ibid: 9-11). 62 The Study, conducted in 2004 for the Ministry by the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Estudos da População, included 2,052 women between the ages of 18 and 45 in Maputo City and Province, Sofala, Manica, Zambezia and Nampula (UEM 2004). 63 The DHS indicator is the percentage of women between the ages of 15 and 49 who said that it would be justifiable to be beaten by their husband for one or more of the following reasons: stealing food, arguing with husband, leaving the house without informing the husband, refusing sex with husband, and/or not looking after children. 64 The study focused on girls aged 15 or older, using 1,190 questionnaires in Maputo City, Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Sofala and Nampula provinces (SC et al 2005). CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 179
Girls at greatest risk of abuse were: • Over 15 years of age (67.5 per cent of cases); • Enrolled in lower grades (particularly EP2, with 45.2 per cent of cases); • Not living with both parents (73 per cent). The fact that many of the students are over-age for their class level could be a contributing factor to the level of violence and abuse in schools. At EP1 level, it is not uncommon to find young children in the same class as children aged 13 or above. There was little difference between rural and urban locations (49 and 51 per cent of cases respectively). In 37 per cent of cases the perpetrator of the abuse was a teacher. The majority of cases were one-off incidents (87.5 per cent) rather than recurring abuse. In 85 per cent of cases, girls reported that school authorities had no knowledge of the abuse (ibid: 31-50). In a 2004 Youth Profile commissioned by the Ministry of Youth and Sport and UNICEF, 20 per cent of girls who participated in the study reported that abuse was a problem in schools. 65 However, interviewers noted that many students and teachers appeared unwilling to talk about the subject. Students reported that they were forced to choose: provide sex, pay money or face expulsion from school. The majority of cases of sexual abuse reported by girls were settled in private, usually with a fine paid by the teacher to the girl’s family. Cases were only referred to the authorities when these negotiations were not successful. The 2005 study drew a similar conclusion: “Frequently, measures for the resolution of this type of crime are negotiations between the families involved. The authorities are only involved when there is no consensus in the negotiation, for instance, when the accused is not willing to pay the fines imposed” (SC et al 2005: 9-11). Teachers involved in abuse tended to target vulnerable children who were less able to refuse to cooperate. Abuse was found to be endemic in schools where the principal and deputy principal were involved and to be greatly reduced when those in positions of authority were active against the practice. The incidence of abuse was also lower in schools that held regular parent-teacher meetings and where parents complained directly on hearing about such abuse (UNICEF and MDJ 2004: 37-39). Box 5.2: A student’s experience of sexual abuse at school Student: Every night the headmaster calls a girl and touches her without her consent. When anyone asks him why he does that, he answers by asking if it is wrong to look. Interviewer: Have you ever heard of sexual abuse What would sexual abuse be for you Can you give me an example Student: Yes, I have heard of it, it is when an older person has a sexual relationship with someone that does not want to. For example: trying to kiss a girl even though she does not want to be kissed. Interviewer: Have you had a problem related to sexual abuse Student: Yes, the headmaster came at night to the boarding school and tried to kiss and fondle me by using force. Interviewer: How did you feel after he tried to kiss you by using force Student: I felt bad, I became sad and fearful. Source: Study report on Sexual Abuse of Girls in Mozambican Schools Save the Children, CARE International, MEC and Rede-CAME/FDC 2005 65 The study was based on interviews with 240 adolescents and 147 adults in Xai Xai, Manica, Gondola, Nicoadala and Nhamathanda (UNICEF 2004). 180 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
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Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203 and 204: such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206: Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210: Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211 and 212: activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214: The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216: 214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219 and 220: planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222: 7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228: ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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