Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Box 2.1: Methodological note on measuring official poverty – the consumption approach The consumption based measure, from which the national poverty line is derived, is based on the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (IAF), which is conducted by INE every six years. It was first conducted in 1996/97, followed by a second survey in 2002/03. The latter comprised week-long interviews with a random sample of 8,700 households, including detailed questions on expenditure. It is representative both in terms of space and time, with interviews for each subgroup of the population represented spread evenly throughout the survey year so as to capture seasonality in prices and consumption. The data is then analysed by the Ministry of Planning and Development to determine the national poverty situation through the Poverty and Well-Being National Assessment (GoM, 1998 and 2004). “Consumption” includes both food and non-food items and is adjusted for seasonality of the former, but omits public services and home produced services. A Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) methodology is then applied. This approach consists of the development of a basket of food items consumed by the poor that is judged sufficient for basic calorie needs (the calorie content of each basket depends upon the demographic composition of the region, averaging approximately 2,100 calorie/day). The cost of this basket makes up the food poverty line. A non-food poverty line is obtained by examining the share of total expenditure allocated to non-food by households living near the food poverty line. The overall poverty line is then calculated as the sum of the food and non-food poverty lines. It must be stressed that the poverty line represents an extremely basic standard of living. The consumption-based measure, however, has important limitations. It produces a measure of ability to satisfy basic needs rather than actual household consumption – to say a household can satisfy its basic needs is not to show that it actually does so. Due to data restrictions, the measure also provides a household average consumption measure and thus does not capture intrahousehold allocations, so that some members of a non-poor household may in fact be consumption-poor and vice-versa. Finally, in Mozambique, the final consumption measure is produced on a per capita basis, with no compensation made for differences between child and adult expenditure requirements through the use of adult-equivalence weightings (i.e. the average of 2,100 calorie/day to satisfy minimum needs applies equally to both adults and children). At first sight, this implies that the poverty situation for children may be a little better than that portrayed, as a working adult for example requires a higher amount of calories/day, and hence greater expenditure, than a non-working child. However, since children require a higher intake of micronutrients than adults, maintaining the adult calorific requirement may be a reasonable proxy for measuring a child poverty line using the consumption-based measure. In addition, the proportion of children who work is high. As the Second National Assessment observes, “these issues highlight the need for a variety of poverty indicators taken from a variety of perspectives.” The indicator measuring the percentage of people living below the poverty line is known as the “poverty headcount”. The headcount measure does not convey information regarding improvements in the well-being of those below the poverty line. In order to measure the depth of poverty – how poor the poor are – the “poverty gap index” is used. This indicator is an average percentage distance that examines how far the average poor household is from escaping poverty or rising above the poverty line. In order to measure inequality amongst the poor, the indicator known as the “squared poverty gap index” is also used. This indicator averages the square of the poverty gaps, thereby giving weight to gains made by the poorest of the poor. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 43
The percentage of the population living below the poverty line (“poverty headcount”) reduced by 22 per cent between 1996/97 and 2002/03, falling from 69.4 per cent to 54.1 per cent, exceeding the PARPA I target of 60 per cent by the year 2005. While poverty remains higher in rural areas (55.3 per cent) than urban areas (51.5 per cent), it fell more rapidly in rural areas (decrease of 22.4 per cent) than urban areas (decrease of 19.9 per cent). Poverty also fell in all but three provinces (Maputo City, Maputo Province and Cabo Delgado). The most important reduction occurred in Sofala province, where the incidence of poverty reduced by 59 per cent. Figure 2.6: Percentage of population living below the poverty line 80 % 60 69.4 62.0 71.3 54.1 51.5 55.3 40 20 0 National Urban Rural 1996-1997 2002-2003 Source: GoM 1998 and 2004 The poverty gap and squared poverty gap data closely follow the trends in the poverty headcount, showing that, in addition to important reductions in the commonly used poverty headcount between 1996/97 and 2002/03, those who remain poor became better off on average, and inequality amongst the poor was lessened. The overall picture emerging from these data is therefore one of increasing consumption and incomes and falling poverty for a majority of Mozambicans. Other surveys lend strong support to this finding, producing data consistent with the trend identified. Most recently, estimations based on the IFTRAB 2004/2005 data suggest that the national poverty headcount figure has fallen further, to 50 per cent (see Table 2.2). Table 2.2: Poverty headcount IAF QUIBB IAF IFTRAB QUIBB 1996/97 2000/01 2002/03 2004/05 Predicted Headcount (per cent) 65.5 60.7 55 50 Observed Headcount (per cent) 69.4 n/a 54.1 n/a Sources: GoM et al. 1998 & 2004; Simler et al. 2004; Mathiassen & Øvensen 2006 44 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1: CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 9 and 10: 4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96:
(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138:
B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148:
DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176:
I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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