Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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poverty is particularly important, as poverty affects children disproportionately in comparison to the population as a whole and the effects of childhood poverty can be not only lifelong, but can also have an intergenerational impact. Supporting all children, particularly the most vulnerable, to access basic services and social protection mechanisms will enhance children’s well-being and give them the basic tools to escape childhood poverty and break the intergenerational poverty cycle. Recommendations This Situation and Trends Analysis highlights the following priorities in tackling childhood poverty: 1- Ensuring adequate and equitable resource allocation Given the impact and extent of childhood poverty, it is particularly striking that State Budget allocations for key sectors often do not correspond to the pattern of child development indicators. For example, the provinces presenting the highest levels of childhood poverty - including the provinces of Zambezia and Nampula, in which 40 per cent of Mozambican children live - receive lower allocations for sectors which are key to child well-being, such as health and education, than provinces with lower levels of childhood poverty, such as Maputo City and Maputo Province. There is therefore a clear need to review, based on evidence, the criteria used to allocate state budget resources and to attain a more equitable allocation of the available resources. In order to ensure adequate and equitable financing for the reduction of childhood poverty and increase understanding of the impact of budgeting on children, comprehensive and periodical analysis of budget mechanisms, allocations and expenditures is required. Moreover, there is a need for a more accurate and efficient method of tracking expenditure in key sectors for children. Within the context of the ongoing public financial management reform, specifically the roll-out of the integrated financial management system (e-SISTAFE), focus needs to be placed on the disaggregation of budgetary classifiers to monitor investment for childhood poverty reduction in sub-sectors and at the provincial level. In addition, it is important that the Ministries of Planning and Development and Finance take on the public expenditure review function currently being led by the World Bank, so as to strengthen Government’s leadership in establishing linkages between allocations, expenditures and outcomes. 2- Strengthening Government capacity at national and sub-national levels Increased investment for children and a thorough understanding of the availability, allocation and expenditure of resources available to children are critical. They must, however, be matched by strong Government capacity for the efficient utilisation of available resources. The analysis shows that one of the major factors impeding the reduction of childhood poverty is the weakened capacity of government at both national and sub-national levels to manage increasingly complex organisations effectively. This limited capacity has seen several sectors struggling to maintain the existing quality of services in the face of substantial expansion of access (e.g. health and education). It is clear that significant, sustained investment is required to strengthen the institutional capacity of Government at the national and sub-national levels. Particular attention needs to be paid to strengthening the capacity of district level authorities. Within the framework of the Law for Local State Organs (LOLE) and associated Regulations in 2005, the district is, for the first time, the base unit for CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 217
planning in Mozambique, and has the status of a “budgetary unit” within the State Budget. There is therefore an urgent need to support capacity to access and absorb funds at the district level through efforts to build capacity in planning, monitoring and evaluation, and financial management. In addition, the analysis indicates that the underlying causes of childhood poverty are complex and interrelated, requiring holistic and multi-sectoral interventions. It is critical that significant efforts be made to ensure that those agencies or multi-sectoral communication bodies responsible for the coordination of multi-sectoral interventions benefiting children are supported to develop their institutional capacity. 3- Targeting the most vulnerable The analysis indicates that some children are significantly more disadvantaged than others. Understanding the situation of the most vulnerable children and the factors behind their marginalisation and then targeting initiatives towards these children need to be an integral part of the national development agenda. It is therefore necessary to: • Ensure that strategic information on the rights of the most vulnerable children is made available to and used by all those involved in the fight against childhood poverty. This includes the collection of reliable data, disaggregated by sex and other relevant variables to show existing disparities, and the use of these data in the formulation of policies and strategies to reach marginalised children and ensure the removal of barriers to their access to basic services. There are currently a number of areas in which sufficient data on the most marginalised children are not available, including information relating to the most harmful forms of child labour, the nature, extent and causes of violence, sexual abuse and exploitation within and outside the family environment and the situation of children with disabilities. • Ensure that existing social protection programmes, such as the unconditional cash transfers provided under the National Institute for Social Action Subsídio de Alimentos scheme, are effectively reaching the most vulnerable households caring for OVC. These protective measures give households the flexibility to cover categories of expenditure which can be crucial to them (such as transport or basic material needs) as a pre-condition to benefit from other social protection schemes, which focus on access to specific basic services (such as the abolition of school fees to facilitate access to basic education). Rendering such schemes more effective may include revising existing criteria for the disbursement of grants to benefit OVC directly, systematising the mechanisms in place for their delivery and increasing both the amounts of cash being transferred and the coverage of programmes. • Carefully design policy interventions targeted at children living in poverty. This is due to the fact that the poor often live alongside the non-poor and most inequality is accounted for by differences within districts, making the design of programmes to target the most vulnerable children effectively particularly challenging. In the same vein, underlying the many deprivations experienced by children in rural areas is Mozambique’s very low population density. One of the implications of this is that delivering a given level of public services is considerably more costly in rural areas than in urban areas. This calls for innovative policies such as the education sector’s accelerated school construction programme and underlines the need for demand driven programmes, particularly in rural water supply. 218 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203 and 204: such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206: Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210: Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211 and 212: activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214: The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216: 214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 221 and 222: 7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228: ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232: Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234: Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236: Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238: World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240: World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242: Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243: United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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