Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Knowledge about HIV and HIV prevention greatly improved between 1997 and 2003. For example, the proportion of young women in the age group 15 to 24 knowing that the use of condoms can prevent HIV transmission more than quadrupled from 13 per cent in 1997 to 54 per cent in 2003. In 2003, the DHS indicated that over 95 per cent of young people 15 to 24 years of age had heard about AIDS, with little variation by province, area of residence, level of education and socio-economic status. Knowledge about means of transmission is low. Overall, only 47 per cent of young women and 63 per cent of young men of 15-24 years of age knew about the two main ways to protect themselves from contracting HIV (using condoms or having sex only with one faithful uninfected partner). There were marked provincial variations in levels of knowledge. In Cabo Delgado province, knowledge of two prevention methods among young women was as low as 17 per cent. Even in Maputo City, where young women have many more opportunities to access information than in the rest of the country, knowledge of two HIV prevention methods was only 65 per cent. Levels of knowledge about HIV/AIDS directly relate to levels of education. For example, among young women 15-24 years of age with no education, only 27 per cent had knowledge of the two main HIV prevention methods, compared to 78 per cent among young women who had attained secondary level or higher education. 100 Figure 4.15: Knowledge of HIV prevention methods (two main ways) among young women 15 to 24 years old 80 78 60 40 51 20 27 0 No education Primary Secondary or higher Source: DHS 2003 The 2001 National Survey on Reproductive Health and Sexual Behaviour of Young People found that young people hear about HIV/AIDS from a variety of sources. The full ranking of young people’s sources of information about HIV/AIDS was as follows: radio in first place, followed by friends and relatives, teachers, health workers, television and brochures/pamphlets (INJAD 2001). The level of misconception about HIV transmission remains very high. For example, in 2003, over half of young people had the incorrect belief that HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites, with serious gaps between women’s knowledge (39 per cent held the correct belief that mosquito bites cannot transmit HIV) and men’s (50 per cent). CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 151
In addition, there is a serious gap between knowledge about HIV/AIDS and taking action to prevent its transmission. While the use of condoms among young people greatly improved between 1997 and 2003, condom use is still dangerously low. In 2003, the DHS indicated that 12 per cent of young women and 27 per cent of young men in the age group 15 to 24 said they had used a condom the last time they had sex, compared to 2 per cent and 11 per cent respectively in 1997. There are massive differences according to education level, with only 1 per cent of young women with no education using a condom the last time they had sex compared to 46 per cent among young women who had attained secondary or higher education. The use of condoms during high risk sex (defined as sex with a non-marital or non-cohabiting partner), is also very low, at 31 per cent (29 per cent among young women compared to 34 per cent among young men). In Gaza province, which has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the country, only 9 per cent of young women reportedly used a condom in their last high risk sexual encounter. Reasons for discrepancies in levels of knowledge and behaviour are many and complex. In many places condoms are not easily available. Young people may lack the psychosocial life skills to apply the knowledge effectively. Girls especially may lack the assertiveness and negotiation skills to extricate themselves from situations in which they may be at risk of contracting HIV and boys may be unable to ignore peer pressure to start having sex at an early age and to have multiple partners and frequent sexual encounters. Figure 4.16: Condom knowledge and condom use at last high risk sex among young women 15-24 years of age 100 % 93 80 60 62 57 40 32 20 23 0 7 No education Primary Secondary or higher Know condom Use condom Note: (1) condom knowledge refers to the percentage of women 15-24 years of age who say that people can protect themselves from contracting HIV by using condoms; (2) condom use at last high risk sex refers to the percentage of women who say they used a condom the last time they had sex with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner, of those who have had sex with such a partner in the 12 months preceding the survey. Source: DHS 2003 152 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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