Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Mozambique is Africa’s single biggest recipient of international development assistance, receiving more than other post-conflict countries such as Uganda and Ethiopia (IMF, 2005), external aid flows have a substantial bearing on child development outcomes. The way this assistance is delivered is now changing, with a clear and concerted move towards increased harmonisation and alignment of donor activity centred around the PARPA process (See Box 2.5) together with an interrelated move towards more flexible aid modalities such as sector Common Funds and Government-wide General Budget Support (GBS). Understanding these changes is therefore central to child development because it is intimately linked with not just how much will be spent on children but also how effective and sustainable those interventions are likely to be and therefore how successful the Government and its partners will be in sustaining the broadly positive child development trends observed since 1992. The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in 2005 formalised many of the changes in an agreement signed by all Mozambique’s major bilateral and multilateral donors that included quantitative time-bound targets (High Level Forum, 2005). These targets include commitments to channel an increasing proportion of funds through national budgets, use national public finance management (PFM) systems, provide capacity development support in a more coordinated manner, increase the predictability of aid flows and reduce the use of parallel project implementation units (High Level Forum, 2005a). The move towards harmonisation, alignment and more flexible aid modalities has been led in Mozambique by the Programme Aid Partners (PAPs), a group of 18 bilateral and multilateral donors providing GBS to the State Budget. Flexible modalities such as GBS and common funds now comprise around 40 per cent of gross aid commitments (Table 2.7). Moreover, PARPA II is clearly in favour of this move, and GBS in particular, stating that: “although the ideal balance between aid modalities will probably contain a mixture of them, the Government wishes that the proportion of funds channelled through the Public Treasury Accounts, principally through General Budget Support… be increased” (GoM, 2006, p. 147). Box 2.5: Harmonisation and alignment “Harmonisation” (also known as coordination) refers to horizontal coordination among donors, comprising: - The development of common agreements for planning, managing and delivering aid. This includes increased use of joint reviews, collaboration and joint strategies, joint operations and joint financing arrangements. - The gradual simplification of procedures and specific requirements in order to reduce their burden on partner Governments. This includes streamlining conditionality, reducing the number of field missions, reducing donor reporting requirements, harmonising financial management and procurement procedures and delegated cooperation. - The sharing of information to promote transparency and improved coordination. “Alignment” refers to convergence between Government and donor priorities through: - Donor actions such as basing country strategies on partners’ national development strategies and results frameworks. - Partner country actions, such as basing national development strategies on sound macroeconomic and poverty diagnoses and translating these national strategies into operational, results-oriented frameworks. Source: Balogun (2005) CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 65
There are two principal drivers behind the profound changes underway in how external development assistance is provided to Mozambique and other recipient countries. Firstly, it is recognised that Government ownership and leadership – for example in making strategic resource allocation decisions – is essential for the sustainability of the development process. Overall assessment of performance coupled with measures to improve the universality of the Government’s planning and budgeting instruments addresses some of the difficulties of fragmentation and gaps in coverage. At the policy level, greater harmonisation and alignment should also reduce the tendency to subject Government to a vast and often competing array of recommendations, thereby producing ‘reform fatigue’. 26 Secondly, current changes in how external development assistance is provided are a direct result of the dramatic development progress realised. The drive to expand in the service delivery sectors – where much aid is concentrated and which have direct impacts on children’s lives – is increasingly competing with the need to increase or at least maintain the quality of existing services such as health, education and water and sanitation (GoM and PAP, 2006). As a result, current budgets for salaries and goods and services are straining under the conflict between the need to finance the operation of expanding systems and the need to respect the fiscal constraints required to maintain hard-won macroeconomic stability (i.e. balancing investment and recurrent costs – see discussion on State Budget Recurrent and Investment Expenditures in Annex IV). Table 2.7: External funding in the 2005 State Budget by modality Modality Number of Funding % Total Donors (million US$)* Grants 89 500.7 57.1 Budget support 16 172.2 19.6 Common Funds (SWAPs)** 8 97.9 10.0 Project Aid 65 240.6 27.4 Credits 18 376.9 42.9 Budget Support 1 57.7 6.6 Lending to parastatals 5 73.7 8.4 Project aid 12 245.5 28.0 Total 107 877.6 100.0 Note: *Exchange rate of 23,061 MZM/USD used. **Number of donors refers to number of different funds only. Source: 2005 State Budget, cited in Arndt et al. (2006) (ii) Analysis of implications for children a. Longer term implications Knowing the totality of available resources is a key precondition for genuine policydriven allocation of public funds for children. Funding fully or partially outside the budget process is termed “off-budget.” In Mozambique such funds are comprised mainly of external assistance flows, although sector own-revenues (often lacking a legal basis) are also problematic. Off-budget funds undermine Government’s efforts to prioritise, plan, budget, monitor and evaluate effectively, damaging the credibility 26 For example, the 2004 Fiduciary Risk Assessment noted that, in the field of public finance management alone, donors and funding agencies had made no less than 280 recommendations in various studies and reports between 2000 and 2003 (Scanteam, 2004). The common practice of referring to the need for second and “third-generation” reforms is indicative of this problem too. 66 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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