Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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The deprivations-based approach does, however, have some inherent strengths. As will be discussed in Chapter II, the consumption-based measure of poverty does not capture consumption of key public services, while the deprivations approach, at least to some extent, is able to do so. This is highlighted particularly sharply by the contrasting results of the respective measures for the nation’s capital, Maputo City. An added advantage of this is that the link between stakeholder resource allocation, actions and the resulting changes in childhood poverty is made much more explicit. For example, the increased allocation of funds toward rapid expansion of immunisation programmes would have an immediate and direct impact on child poverty under the deprivations-based measure, but would feed through to the consumption-based measure somewhat more slowly. Finally, the inclusion of access to basic services reveals far greater differences between rural and urban households in comparison with the consumption-based measure (see data presented in Chapter II) mainly due to the very low population density in rural areas, which makes the provision of public services much more costly. However, as Filmer and Pritchett (2001) observe, this means that urbanrural comparisons using poverty measures that include access to services should be treated cautiously because they capture systematic differences resulting from a household’s urban/rural status. They should therefore be complemented by the consumption-based measure to try to overcome this difficulty. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 29
Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indicators for Mozambique Form of Severe Deprivation Severe Nutrition Deprivation Severe Water Deprivation Severe Sanitation Deprivation Severe Health Deprivation Severe Shelter Deprivation Severe Education Deprivation Severe Information Deprivation Indicator Children under five years of age whose heights and weights for their age are more than -3 standard deviations below the median of the international reference population, i.e. severe anthropometric failure Children under 18 years of age who only have access to surface water (e.g. rivers) for drinking or who live in households where the nearest source of water is more than 30 minutes away Children under 18 years of age who have no access to a toilet of any kind in the vicinity of their dwelling, including communal toilets or latrines Children under five years of age that have never been immunised or those that have suffered from a severe episode of ARI that was not treated Children under 18 years of age living in dwellings with more than five people per room (severe overcrowding) Children aged between 7 and 18 who have never been to school and are not currently attending school Children aged between 5 and 18 with no possession of and access to radio, television, telephone or newspapers at home Associated CRC Article Health: combat of disease and malnutrition 24 (2) (c) Health: provide clean drinking water 24 (2) (c) Health: support hygiene and sanitation 24 (2) (e) Health: right to health and health facilities, combat of disease and malnutrition 24 (1)/(2)(c) Standard of Living: measures to provide housing 27 (3) Education: compulsory free primary education 28 (1) (a)/(b) Information: access to information 13/17 Note: See Annex I for details of adaptation from international indicators to suit Mozambican context. Source: Adapted from Gordon et al. 2003 by UNICEF Mozambique. 4. Actors and their role in the fight against childhood poverty Children living in poverty face deprivations of many of their rights. While the Government of Mozambique holds the primary responsibility for respecting, protecting and fulfilling the rights of Mozambican children, there are many actors in the fight against childhood poverty and all sectors of society have a role to play in this regard, starting with children themselves. The human rights based approach to development means that children are viewed as actors in their own development. While not placing the responsibility for improving development outcomes with children themselves, their right to participate in the process and be consulted must be emphasised. Children have a right to participate in decision-making processes that may be relevant in their lives and to express their views in all matters that affect them. Children must therefore be supported to realise this and other rights by their families and communities, civil society organisations, the Government, the Parliament and international development cooperation partners. 30 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1: CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 9 and 10: 4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176:
I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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