Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Under the new Family Law of 2004, the Government of Mozambique has raised the legal age of marriage without parental consent from 16 to 18 years, and with parental consent from 14 to 16 years. This change partly reflects the efforts of several local women’s rights groups to speak out about the issue of child marriage (Population Council, 2004). Nonetheless, there is only limited capacity to implement the law, and traditional marriage under customary law continues to present a challenge to establishing 18 years as the minimum age of marriage. The legal measures introduced under the Family Law may be usefully supported through communication campaigns around the issue of child marriage, with particular focus on families, community leaders, local policy makers and relevant professionals. Education is also crucial to reducing child marriage, and progress can be made by improving access to education for both girls and boys, eliminating the gender gap in school attendance and promoting measures to increase school retention rates among girls. Effective mapping of child marriage within Mozambique – for example, mapping incidence by ethnic group - would support programme efforts and enhance the effectiveness of prevention campaigns. Support for girls already in union is also essential. This may be achieved by enhancing their access to education – including non-formal education programmes, by supporting advocacy on the health risks associated with early motherhood, by improving their access to effective contraceptive methods and by developing support structures for young mothers. E. Working children The most recent data on child labour come from the IFRTAB survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in 2004/2005. The survey has not yet been fully analysed. Results presented here refer to children involved in economic activities, defined as “working on the machamba, selling products or other economic activity”. 71 They do not therefore provide an indication of the proportion of children involved in domestic work, which evidence suggests is a significant proportion of the work undertaken by children. They also do not distinguish between child labour and child work. 72 50 Figure 5.1: Children economically active (7-17 years) % 40 40 30 32 20 16 10 0 Source: IFTRAB 2004/2005 Total Urban Rural 71 A specific module on child labour was administered to all economically active children. This module will be analysed in the latter part of 2006 and will be the subject of a specific report. 72 Child work refers to children that are working but not in exploitative situations and who are attending school. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 189
The survey indicates that 32 per cent of children between 7 and 17 years old are engaged in some form of economic activity, with significant differences between urban areas (16 per cent) and rural areas (40 per cent). The survey shows that the vast majority of children working are in unpaid work for the family and girls and boys are involved in equal proportions. 73 This finding corroborates the findings of the 1999/2000 Ministry of Labour Rapid Assessment of child labour, which indicated that poverty, the desire “to contribute” and family problems were the major factors forcing children into work. In many respects, the second and third motivations are manifestations of the first (2000a; 2000b). 74 This finding also corroborates the observation of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, that “Despite the legal restrictions, given their extreme poverty and the shortage of schools and professional training centres, particularly in rural areas, their situation obliges many Mozambican parents and guardians to put their children to work (from the age of seven) in order to complement the income/subsistence of the household” (CRC 2002: para. 7). At seven years of age, 6 per cent of children are already engaged in productive activity. This proportion rises steadily, with around half of children from the age of 14 onwards being economically active (range of 49 per cent to 56 per cent in the age band 14 to 17). 60 Figure 5.2: Children economically active by age % 46 49 53 56 51 40 41 30 20 26 17 12 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Source: IFTRAB 2004/2005 Age of children There are significant differences between provinces in the proportion of economically active children, with the highest proportion in Tete province (51 per cent) and Inhambane province (45 per cent) and the lowest in Maputo Province (9 per cent) and Maputo City (6 per cent). 73 Previous evidence has indicated that there is a clear gender dimension to child labour: a rapid assessment of children already in the labour force conducted by the Ministry of Labour in 1999-2000, for example, indicated that girls are more likely to work as domestic servants or to be exploited as sex workers, while boys are more likely to work in street trading (GoM 2000a). 74 The assessment was based on a sample of 823 children, in seven provinces and Maputo City. Other key informants included teachers and Government representatives. 190 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203 and 204: such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206: Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210: Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211 and 212: activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214: The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216: 214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219 and 220: planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222: 7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228: ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232: Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234: Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236: Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238: World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240: World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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