Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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• Children with disabilities; • Child victims of violence; • Children who are the victims of sexual exploitation; • Child who are victims of trafficking; • Children married before the legal age; • Child refugees or children who have been internally displaced. This chapter has two sections. The first section addresses the protection of children from violence, abuse and exploitation, providing an analysis of the situation regarding: (i) children in conflict with the law, (ii) violence and sexual exploitation, (iii) trafficking, (iv) child marriage, (v) working children and reviewing the legal framework for protection. The nature of violations of children’s rights such as child labour, trafficking or sexual abuse means that quantitative data are not easily available. Qualitative studies and in depth analysis of the situation in specific provinces are used here to provide insights into the present situation. The second section addresses the issue of social protection for the most vulnerable children, paying particular attention to the impact of HIV/AIDS on vulnerability levels of communities, families and children. This section provides an overview of the situation of orphaned and vulnerable children and their access to basic social services, with particular attention being paid to the situation of child-headed households, to disabled children and to children in emergencies. The section reviews the policy framework for social protection, the capacity of governmental institutions to implement social protection schemes and the extent to which these are effective tools to reach vulnerable children. 2. Protection of children from violence, abuse and exploitation A. Children in conflict with the law In Mozambique, little reliable and systematic information exists on the situation of children in conflict with the law, but all of the available evidence suggests that the current system does not afford such children protection in line with the minimum standards enshrined in international instruments including the CRC (Articles 37 and 40), the Beijing Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (1985) and the Riyadh Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (1988). In 2003, Save the Children Norway conducted a study on the situation of children in conflict with the law in Mozambique (SCN 2003). The study was carried out in the provinces of Nampula, Sofala and Maputo, through interviews with stakeholders including children in conflict with the law and their families, other prison inmates and police and justice officials. The findings showed that at least 25 per cent of all prison inmates interviewed were under the age of 18. Children represented the second largest group of inmates in the prison system and at particular times of the year, the largest group. Comparisons of numbers with those from preceding years indicated that the number of prison inmates, including children, was increasing at a faster rate than the national rate of population growth (of about 2 to 3 per cent per year). The study showed that the average age among the children interviewed was 16 or 17. Although Article 42 of the Penal Code states that children under the age of 16 are not criminally liable, of those under the age of 21 interviewed for the study, 18 per cent were found to be under the age of 16, including children as young as 12. The study also showed that the principles of due process had not been followed in many cases CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 175
involving children. 45 per cent of the children reported having been detained illegally for longer than the official 48 hour period, with an average detention of three months. Of the 38 per cent of the children who had been sentenced, on average for seven months in prison, many had been given no information regarding their trial. Based on data from research and interviews undertaken as part of the Save the Children study, it was possible to establish a profile of children in conflict with the law in Mozambique and the prison conditions in which many of them find themselves. Children in conflict with the law The majority of the children interviewed were: • Male • Poor • Orphaned or from separated parents • Living on the outskirts of the cities or on the streets • Not in possession of identification documents • Living outside a family environment • Outside the education system • Showing signs of poor health and nutrition and psychological and behavioural problems • Imprisoned for minor offences, such as petty theft, vandalism or failure to carry identification papers • Re-offenders, trapped in a cycle of petty crime The prisons The majority of prisons visited had: • Serious lack of human resources and materials, with a noticeable impact on staff motivation • Poor conditions in relation to health, food and hygiene facilities • Children often sharing rooms with adults • Treatment of the children by police authorities and justice officials inconsistent with the minimum standards enshrined in international human rights instruments • Physical abuse against the child inmates commonly taking place, with 68 per cent of the children interviewed reporting that they had suffered some form of physical abuse The high percentage of children and young people in the prison population found by the 2003 study was confirmed in the 2004 Annual Statistical Report on the Prison System in Mozambique (GoM 2005b). The report recorded 10,864 inmates in prisons at the end of 2004, well above the reported capacity of 7,649 and showed that 17 per cent of the prison population was composed of adolescents, defined as 16-19 yearolds. This was a significantly higher proportion than in all of the other SADC countries, among which the percentage of the prison population who were adolescents ranged from 0 per cent in Botswana to 9.6 per cent in Malawi. The report also indicated that 9 per cent of the prison population was made up of women, a higher percentage than all of the other SADC countries, with the next highest being Botswana, with 5 per cent of the prison population being women. 176 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203 and 204: such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206: Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210: Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211 and 212: activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214: The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216: 214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219 and 220: planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222: 7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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