Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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This chapter discusses the situation of children from pre-birth (maternal survival, antenatal and obstetric care) to the early years of childhood (0 to 5 years) from the perspective of their right to survival, healthy growth and development. It is divided into four sections. The first section reviews the situation of maternal survival, health and nutrition; child survival; childhood illnesses; malnutrition; HIV/AIDS; and water and sanitation and analyses the immediate causes of the situation. The second section analyses the underlying causes of the high level of mortality and the barriers to child survival and development. The third section discusses the financing of the health and water sectors, while the last section reviews the policy environment. 2. Overview of children’s deprivations in relation to health, nutrition and water and sanitation A. Severe health deprivation among children The deprivation indicator is the proportion of children under 5 years of age who have never been immunised against any diseases or young children who have had a recent severe episode of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and did not receive any medical advice or treatment. Overall, 17 per cent of Mozambican children under five years of age are experiencing severe health deprivation. 27 Severe health deprivation is four times higher among children in the poorest households than among children in the best-off households (31 per cent versus 7 per cent). In Zambezia province, more than one third of all children under-five years of age suffer from severe health deprivation (34 per cent) and in Niassa province the proportion is 28 per cent, as compared with only 3 per cent in Maputo Province. Children in households headed by a person with no education are three times more likely to face severe health deprivation than children in households headed by a person with secondary level or higher education. Figure 3.1: Percentage of children with severe health deprivation by province 40 % 30 34 28 20 19 17 10 13 12 11 11 10 0 Zambezia Niassa Nampula Sofala Maputo City Inhambane Cabo Delgado Tete Manica Gaza Maputo 6 3 Source: INE/MPD/UNICEF 2005, additional analysis of the DHS 2003 27 This indicator is a composite measure of children under five years of age who have never been immunised or who have suffered from a severe episode of ARI that was not treated. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 73
B. Severe nutrition deprivation among children The deprivation indicator is the proportion of children under five years of age whose heights and weights for their age are more than -3 standard deviations below the median of the international reference population, i.e. severe anthropometric failure. One in every five Mozambican children under five years of age is severely nutritionally deprived (INE/MPD/UNICEF 2005) 28 . In 2003, the under-five child population was 3.1 million, meaning that there were approximately 620,000 Mozambican children under five years of age who were suffering from severe nutritional deprivation. Severe nutritional deprivation among children is largely influenced by factors such as where the child lives, the education level of his or her mother and the socio-economic characteristics of the household of which he or she is a member. Severe nutrition deprivation is almost four times higher among children from the poorest households (27 per cent) than among children from the best-off households (7 per cent). Severe nutrition deprivation is twice as high among rural children as among urban children (23 per cent versus 11 per cent). Levels of severe nutrition deprivation are seven times higher among children living in Cabo Delgado province than among children living in Maputo Province. In Zambezia province more than one in four children is experiencing severe anthropometric failure. Children who live in households where the heads have no formal education are three times more likely to experience severe nutrition deprivation than children who live in households where the heads have secondary level education or higher (25 per cent and 7 per cent respectively). Figure 3.2: Percentage of children with severe nutrition deprivation by level of education of household head 30 % 25 20 19 10 7 0 No education Primary education Secondary and higher Source: INE/MPD/UNICEF 2005, additional analysis of the DHS 2003 28 This indicator is a composite measure of anthropometric failure which includes all children who are more than -3 standard deviations from the reference median in terms of being wasted, stunted and underweight and all possible combinations of these failures (e.g. severely underweight and severely stunted). 74 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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