Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Figure 5.6: Children with a birth certificate 15 % 10 9 10 5 5 6 3 3 0 Nicoadala (Zambezia) Changara (Tete) Gondola (Manica) Nhamatanda (Sofala) Xai-Xai (Gaza) Average 5 districts Source: INE, 2004 The low levels of birth registration in Mozambique reflect low political prioritisation, a poorly developed network of civil registries and a lack of material and human resources where these offices exist. These challenges are exacerbated by a lack of recognition of the value of birth registration among the Mozambican population and a subsequent low demand for the service. National efforts for birth registration have accelerated in recent years. The National Directorate of Registration and Notarial Services (DNRN), being the department of the Ministry of Justice responsible for overseeing birth registration, developed a National Plan of Action on Birth Registration in 2003. This Plan has three main objectives: (1) create an enabling environment to ensure that all children, in particular OVC, have access to birth registration; (2) develop an effective, decentralised and simplified birth registration mechanism; and (3) raise public awareness of the importance of birth registration. In August 2004, as a first step towards establishing an enabling environment, the Government amended the Civil Registry Code to remove barriers to registration by extending the free registration period from 30 days to 120 days following the birth of the child. Within the framework of the National Plan of Action on Birth Registration, the Ministry of Justice launched a National Birth Registration Campaign, in order to clear the backlog of millions of unregistered children. The campaign started in 2005 in 11 districts, across all provinces of the country and extended to 22 new districts in 2006, where it aims to register 1.2 million children under 18 years of age, using both mobile brigades and fixed registration agents. 83 In order to bring birth registration closer to communities, the Ministry of Justice also started in 2006 to increase the range of State agents able to carry out parts of the registration process. DNRN provides training on birth registration to teachers, health workers and key members of communities, in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of State Administration. The participation of all these Ministries is vital to secure the use of existing facilities 83 The Ministry of Justice has developed an expansion plan of fixed posts with the aim of establishing at least one fixed registration post per district. It is expected that State Budget Allocations will cover human resources and equipment costs for the expansion, while MINJUS will be advocating for additional support to cover infrastructure costs. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 201
such as hospitals and schools for birth registration activities. It is also critical to boost registration levels through opportunities created by the delivery of other essential services. The National Action Plan for Children reaffirmed the political commitment to birth registration and set an objective of registering 90 per cent of new born children by 2010 (MMAS 2005c: Target 1.1). The Action Plan for Orphaned and Vulnerable Children also commits the Government to accelerating registration to ensure that children affected by HIV/AIDS have access to the system (MMAS 2005b: 14). Successfully promoting birth registration among the population not only requires the Government’s commitment to ‘supply’ this service, but also involves the creation of a ‘demand’ among the population. Effective efforts to raise awareness in families and communities of the importance of registering a child immediately after birth complement legal and administrative initiatives and are essential for the establishment of this element of the protective environment in Mozambique in coming years. Until universal registration is achieved in Mozambique, it is important to ensure that lack of registration or a birth certificate does not constitute an obstacle to a child’s access to services. For example, in keeping with international human rights standards, children in Mozambique are not required to produce a birth certificate to enter school, however, a birth certificate is an official requirement for admission to grade five examinations. This requirement potentially excludes unregistered children from proceeding with their education. 4. Social protection: access to basic services and social assistance for the most vulnerable children A. Orphaned and vulnerable children Data on the proportion of children who are orphaned (defined as having lost one or both parents), vary from one source to the other, with estimates ranging from about 12 per cent to 16 per cent of the total population, i.e. up to 1.6 million orphaned children under 18 years of age in 2006. Of these children, projections estimate that 380,000 have been orphaned due to AIDS, representing more than 20 per cent of the total of orphaned children. It is estimated that the total number of children orphaned by AIDS will reach almost 630,000 by the year 2010 (INE et al 2004). Children orphaned due to AIDS are more likely to have lost their mother (maternal orphans) than their father (paternal orphans). 84 In 2006, it was estimated that 54 per cent of maternal orphaning was due to AIDS compared to 35 per cent for paternal orphans. Among children who had lost both parents, 60 per cent of orphans had lost their parents due to AIDS. In addition to being affected by AIDS through the loss of their parents, an increasing number of children are themselves living with HIV or AIDS (refer to Chapter III). 84 Maternal orphans due to AIDS are defined as children 0-17 whose mother has died of AIDS, where the survival status of the father is unknown (i.e. he can be alive or dead, of AIDS or other causes). Paternal orphans due to HIV/AIDS are defined as children 0-17 whose father has died of AIDS, where the survival status of the mother is unknown (i.e. she can be alive or dead, of AIDS or other causes). An AIDS orphan of both parents is defined as a child aged 0-17 whose mother and father have both died of AIDS. As per above definition, the total number of AIDS orphans corresponds to the Total number of AIDS maternal orphans (+) Total number of AIDS paternal orphans (-) Total number of AIDS orphans of both parents. 202 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 205 and 206: Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210: Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211 and 212: activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214: The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216: 214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219 and 220: planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222: 7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228: ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232: Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234: Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236: Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238: World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240: World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242: Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243: United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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