Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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While there was almost no difference in urban areas between the proportion of girls and boys attending school, the gender gap in rural areas was marked, with only 48 per cent of girls attending primary school compared to 57 per cent for boys. Disparities among boys and girls are also marked according to the poverty level of the household in which a child lives. For example, among the poorest households, the net primary school attendance rate among boys was 52 per cent, compared to only 39 per cent among girls. Only among the best off households was the gap close, with 88 per cent attendance for each sex. This indicates that girls in the poorest households are discriminated against in terms of access to education, as such households tend to favour access to education for boys. Figure 4.6: Net primary school attendance rate by sex and wealth quintile 100 % 80 88 88 60 40 52 39 51 44 57 49 72 68 20 0 Poorest Second poorest Middle Second best off Best off Source: DHS 2003 Boys Girls Figure 4.7: Net primary school attendance rate (EP1 and EP2) % 80 76 75 60 63 57 57 40 48 20 0 Total Urban Rural Boys Girls Source: INE/MPD/UNICEF 2005, additional analysis of the DHS 2003 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 145
DHS data show that the wealth level in the household in which a child lives has an even stronger influence on his or her access to secondary education. The Gross Attendance Rate (GAR) at secondary school among the wealthiest children is 30 times higher than among the poorest children (61 per cent versus 2 per cent). Data disaggregated by wealth index quintile also show clearly that girls in all households face substantial levels of discrimination in terms of their access to secondary education and in all but the wealthiest households, these levels of discrimination are substantial. Figure 4.8: Gross attendance rate in secondary education by wealth quintile 70 % 60 65.4 50 56.3 40 30 20 21.8 10 0 3.2 8.6 0.3 2.1 7.6 9 1.6 Poorest Second Poorest Middle Second Best Off Best Off Girls Boys Source: DHS 2003 A child’s area of residence also has a huge impact on the age at which he or she begins school, with children in rural areas entering school much later than children in urban areas. At 6 years of age, only 19 per cent of children in rural areas attend primary school compared to 43 per cent of urban children. At 7 years of age, the gap widens, with 39 per cent of rural children being in school compared to 68 per cent in urban areas. For older children attending primary school (16 and 17 years old) the gap in attendance is the narrowest. Children’s patterns of residence are different for secondary education, as many move to boarding facilities in rural towns, rather than studying while living at home. However, at secondary level, net attendance (NAR) was eight times higher in urban areas than in rural areas (16 per cent compared with 2 per cent) and gross attendance (GAR) was 9 times higher (45 per cent urban versus 5 per cent rural). The substantial differences in net attendance rates and gross attendance rates at secondary level also reflect the impact of late entry and repetition, resulting in the majority of children studying at secondary level being older than the intended age for that level. 146 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
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Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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