Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Figure 3.10: Prevalence of ARI among children under five by wealth quintile 20 % 16 12 14 8 8 11 8 10 4 0 Source: DHS 2003 Poorest Second poorest Middle Second best off Best off In addition, the level of ARI symptoms among children living in urban areas was higher than among those living in rural areas (12.1 per cent and 8.8 per cent respectively). The percentage of children with ARI symptoms in Maputo City was five times the percentage in Tete. This could be explained by the higher population density in urban areas, as ARI are likely to be spread or aggravated by over-crowded housing, poor quality living environments or pollution. The lower prevalence among children from poorer or less well educated families could therefore be explained by the fact that the majority of more highly educated people are located in urban areas. Children living in urban areas, children from better off families and children whose mothers had at least a primary level education were much more likely to receive treatment for ARI symptoms than those from rural areas, those from poor families and those whose mothers had no education. Children of mothers with secondary level education, for example, were almost 70 per cent more likely to receive treatment than children of mothers with no education. C. Diarrhoea Diarrhoea is another major cause of child morbidity and mortality in Mozambique. The problem becomes more frequent in children six months and older, when they begin to crawl and eat complementary food. According to the 2003 DHS, 14 per cent of children under the age of five had experienced diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey. Children 6-11 months were most likely to have had diarrhoea (27 per cent), followed by children in the 12-23 month group (23 per cent). Both boys and girls are affected. Among children with diarrhoea, only 49 per cent were taken to a health facility for treatment, where 71 per cent were given oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solution, an effective means of treating the dehydration resulting from diarrhoea. 65 per cent of children whose mothers had no formal education were given ORT compared with 97 per cent of children whose mother had secondary or higher education. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 89
The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted among 6-59 month-old children in 54 drought affected districts indicated a much higher prevalence than the 2003 DHS, with 37 per cent of children experiencing diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey. As in the DHS, the prevalence of diarrhoea was highest among children aged 6-11 months, at 53 per cent, dropping to 20 per cent amongst children aged 48-59 months in these highest food insecurity districts. The higher prevalence of diarrhoea found in these districts shows the correlation between drought and diarrhoea. Children living in drought-affected areas are much more likely to experience water-related illnesses, such as diarrhoea, due to increased reliance on unsafe water sources when regular water sources have dried up, as well as an increased likelihood of malnutrition, which increases susceptibility to diarrhoeal diseases. Children suffering from malnutrition (stunting) showed an increased susceptibility to water-borne illnesses, with 51 per cent of children identified as being malnourished experiencing diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to the survey, compared with 37 per cent of non-malnourished children. D. Vaccine preventable diseases and immunisation The national Expanded Programme of Immunisation (EPI) for improving immunisation coverage among children against vaccine preventable diseases has made substantial progress in recent years. The proportion of one-year old children fully immunised against the six main vaccine preventable diseases (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles and TB) has increased from 47 per cent in 1997 to 63 per cent in 2003. With the exception of Niassa province, all provinces show substantially higher coverage than in 1997. The overall improvement noted is attributed to the expansion of static and outreach services, a major increase in the availability of equipment, commodities and vaccines, the strengthening of health staff capacity and case management, and social mobilisation. In terms of individual antigens, the highest coverage is BCG (87 per cent), followed by measles (77 per cent), DPT (72 per cent) and polio (70 per cent). Figure 3.11: Full immunisation coverage among 1-year old children: comparison between 1997 and 2003 100 % 91 91 93 80 82 82 72 60 40 48 45 47 54 55 48 58 47 62 50 64 63 62 34 20 23 25 0 Zambezia Niassa Nampula Tete Cabo Delgado Manica Sofala Gaza Inhambane Maputo City Maputo 1997 2003 Source: DHS 2003 90 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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