Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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A. Children Children’s right to participate in the development process is paramount. In recent years, the participation of children and young people has received increased attention in Mozambique, through, for example the “Chokwe Declaration” 6 , the participation of young people in the Provincial Poverty Observatories during the elaboration of the PARPA II, and the series of national and provincial “Children’s Parliaments” 7 . B. Family and community Families and communities are the primary caregivers of children and the first duty bearers responsible for respecting, protecting and fulfilling children’s rights to survival, development and participation. Families are responsible for the adequate care of children. As families live in communities, communities have a responsibility in demanding services for their members and for ensuring that all children in the community are well cared for, protected and have access to the services they need. These responsibilities need to be matched with material, enabling and social capacities and require that families and communities are provided with adequate access to resources and information to enable them to fulfil their duties towards children. C. Civil society organisations Civil society and organisations within civil society, such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community based organisations (CBOs), faith based organisations (FBOs), religious groups, trade unions, media organisations, private sector associations and academics are the channels through which people participate in the political and social life of their society. Civil society organisations (CSOs) can make demands, advocate for the rights of children at local and national level and engage in policy dialogue with the Government. CSOs can play a role in monitoring and evaluating government actions in relation to poverty reduction, making demands and requiring explanations when necessary. They can also provide effective and efficient services, extending government capacity through partnerships for implementation and can build capacity at district and provincial level during the process. D. Government As a signatory of the CRC and other international child and human rights conventions and with a democratic mandate, the Government of Mozambique bears the primary responsibility for the progressive realisation of child rights. The Government of Mozambique is organised in central and territorial levels. At the central level, the Executive is headed by the President of the Republic, who presides over the Council of Ministers and specific Ministries and subordinated institutions. At the territorial level, the Constitution provides for 11 provinces, which are made up of 146 districts, 343 administrative posts and 1,048 localities. Mozambique also has 33 municipalities covering urban areas, which have some budgetary autonomy. The Ministries of Health (MISAU), Education and Culture (MEC), Public Works and Housing (MOPH), Women and Social Action (MMAS) and the National Council for the Fight Against HIV/AIDS (CNCS) are of particular importance for children. 6 The “Chokwe Declaration” emerged from the National Meeting of Youth held in the town of Chokwe in 2002. The declaration highlights a wide ran 7 The series of provincial and national children’s parliaments conducted from 2002-2005, whilst somewhat limited in their scope and degree of representation, highlighted the need to listen to the views of children and young people, though the place of Children’s Parliaments in the country’s democratic processes is still being defined (UNICEF and Ministry of Youth and Sports, 2005). CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 31
The Ministries of Planning and Development and of Finance are also of particular importance, as they produce the State Budget and other key planning and budgeting instruments. The process of decentralisation, enshrined in the Law Governing Local State Organs (LOLE, Law 08/2003) and its regulations (2005) has significantly altered the subordination in favour of territorial (horizontal) hierarchies, compared with sectoral (vertical) hierarchies. However, decentralisation is in its early stages and planning, resource allocation, policy making and implementation are as yet strongly shaped through vertical lines of authority. E. Parliament The Parliament includes 250 representatives who are elected from party lists every five years in national elections at the same time as presidential elections. In addition to approving legislation, Parliament is responsible under the 1990 Constitution for approving the State Budget. Parliament is therefore a key duty-bearer for children’s rights, not only for ensuring that national legislation is in line with the CRC, but also for fighting childhood poverty through ensuring sufficient and equitable allocation of resources for social services. F. International development cooperation partners As is stressed in the CRC, the Government’s international cooperation partners, operating at national, provincial and district levels, also have a responsibility for improving the situation of children. In Mozambique, external funding financed about 42 per cent of the Government’s budget in 2005 (Ministry of Finance, 2006). There are at least 44 different international development organisations operating in Mozambique (Directory of Development Organisations, 2006), many of which are concentrated in key sectors for children. For example, in the education sector alone there are 26 agencies in operation (Killick et al., 2005, p. 48). External development cooperation partners have made substantial changes to the way that external development assistance is provided to Mozambique, with shifts towards direct budget support and greater harmonisation between donors and alignment of donor plans with government priorities. 80 per cent of external development assistance to Mozambique is now provided by a group of 18 donors, joined under the Programme Aid Partnership (PAP), who are committed to ensuring that the Government has greater control over financial resources available for development and is supported in developing the capacity to plan, implement and review its actions. 5. Sources of data This Situation Analysis draws in particular on the data produced by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) through household surveys, including: • The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 1997 and 2003. The 2003 DHS provides the data used in the formulation of the deprivations-based measure of childhood poverty. • The Household Surveys on Living Conditions (IAF) conducted in 1996/1997 and 2002/2003. The IAF is used to produce the official consumption-based measure of absolute poverty. • The Labour Force Survey (IFTRAB) conducted in 2004/2005, which includes a Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire (CWIQ, know in Portuguese as QUIBB) and provides the most up-to-date data. 32 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1: CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 9 and 10: 4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84:
Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86:
The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148:
DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176:
I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178:
involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182:
Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184:
The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186:
Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192:
The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198:
- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202:
C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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