Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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CHAPTER III: CHILD SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT……………………...…...…… 71 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………................... 72 2. Overview of children’s deprivations in relation to health, . nutrition and water and sanitation ....................................................................... 73 A. Severe health deprivation among children…………………………………..…73 B. Severe nutrition deprivation among children…………………………….....… 74 C. Severe water and sanitation deprivation among children………………….…75 3. Maternal survival, health and nutrition……………………………………...….....… 77 4. Child survival…………………………………………………………………................ 81 5. Childhood illnesses……………………………………………………………...…........ 86 A. Malaria.………………………………………………………………………....… 86 B. Acute respiratory infection (ARI)…………………………………………….…88 C. Diarrhoea…………………………………………………………………............ 89 D. Vaccine preventable diseases and immunisation……………………………. 90 6. Malnutrition…………………………………………………………………………….… 93 A. Macronutrient deficiencies………........…………………………...……….. 93 (i) Severity level of malnutrition among Mozambican children……..........… 93 (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic malnutrition)……..………………......…94 (iii) Wasting prevalence (acute malnutrition)…………………………….....96 (iv) Underweight prevalence…...…..........…………………....…………….....97 B. Micronutrient deficiencies……………….....………………………………….. 99 (i) Iodine deficiency………………...………....………………………………….99 (ii) Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) ……...………………………………….....…101 (iii) Anaemia and iron deficiency………………………………………..... 102 C. Breastfeeding practices…………………………………………………………103 7. HIV/AIDS…………………………………………………………………......................106 A. Prevention of mother to child transmission…………………………………..106 B. Paediatric AIDS…………………………………………………………….........110 8. Water and sanitation…………………………………………………………………....112 9. The underlying causes of challenges to child survival and development……....…115 A. Inequitable access to and funding of social services………………………...116 (i) Economic accessibility……………………………………………………….116 (ii) Physical accessibility……………………………………………………...…117 B. Low levels of education among mothers…………………………............... 118 C. Family care practices…………………………………………………………... 119 D. Weak human resource capacity in the health and water sectors ……….…119 E. Poor quality infrastructure……………………………………………………... 120 F. Natural disasters………...……………………………………………………..…120 G. Involving service users……………………...………………………………..…121 10. Financing health and water……………………..……………………………………121 A. Health sector………………………………………………………………….....121 B. Water sector……………....…………………………………………………… 126 11. The national policy framework………………………………………………………129 A. Health…………………………………………………………………………… 129 B. Water and sanitation……………………..……………………………………. 131 CHAPTER IV: EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT…….......133 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………134 2. Overview of children’s deprivations in relation to education and information…....135 A. Severe education deprivation among children……………………………... 135 B. Severe information deprivation among children……………...………………136 3. The Education system………………………………………………………………….137 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 7
4. Access to schooling and attendance…………………………………………………138 A. Trends in gross and net enrolment ratios……………………………………139 B. Trends in repetition, dropout and completion rates………………...…… 142 C. Attendance…………………………………………………………………….. 143 5. Literacy…………………………………………………………………………………...149 6. Children and HIV prevention education……………………………………………….150 7. The immediate and underlying causes of education deprivation……………..……153 A. Immediate causes of education deprivation………………………………….153 (i) Direct education costs…………..………………………………………….153 (ii) Lack of relevance………………………………………………………….154 (iii) Distance from school…………........…………………………………..…155 (iv) Poor quality of teaching and learning processes………....……………..155 a. Lack of materials………………………………………………………..156 b. Poor condition of school infrastructure………………………...…….156 c. Lack of teachers ………………………………………………...……...157 d. Lack of qualified teachers……………………………………...……..158 e. Lack of female teachers………………………………….…...………160 (v) Violence and abuse in schools…………………………………………..160 B. Underlying causes of education deprivation…………………………….……161 (i) Perceptions of the value of education……......…………………...……..161 (ii) Low level of education of parents…………......…………...………..... 162 (iii) Cultural factors……………………………………………………………….162 (iv) Impact of natural disasters………………………………………...………164 (v) Poverty......……………………………………………………………………164 8. Financing education………………………………………………………………….…165 A. Global sector resources……………………….............................................165 B. Challenges for sector finance………………………………………………….167 9. The education policy environment……………………………………………………169 A. The policy framework……………………………………………………..……169 (i) PARPA II……………………………………………………………………...169 (ii) The Education and Culture Sector Strategic Plan ………………...…… 170 B. Policy challenges and gaps…………...……………………………………… 170 CHAPTER V: CHILD PROTECTION………………………………………………………173 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...…174 2. Protection of children from violence, abuse and exploitation……………………..175 A. Children in conflict with the law………………………………………………175 B. Violence, sexual exploitation and abuse………………………………………178 C. Trafficking in children……………………………………………………………185 D. Child marriage……………………………………………………………………187 E. Working children…………………………………………………………………189 3. Strengthening legal protection…………………………………………………….…196 A. A comprehensive legal framework for the protection of children………196 B. Creating effective mechanisms for the implementation of the Children’s Act ................................................................................................199 C. Birth registration – guaranteeing the right to an identity………………… 200 4. Social protection: access to basic services and social assistance for the most . vulnerable children................................................................................................202 A. Orphaned and vulnerable children…………………………………………… 202 B. Disabled children…………………………………………………………….… 208 C. Children in emergencies……………………………………………………… 209 D. The policy and institutional framework for the social protection of . orphaned and vulnerable children……....……………………………………...210 E. Institutional capacity to implement social protection schemes…..…….… 213 8 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1: CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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