Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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shown that the arrival of orphans in a household is not usually accompanied by new resources, resulting in a real increase in poverty for all children in the household. Box 5.9: The poor helping the destitute by sharing what they cannot afford In a recent paper, Michael J. Kelly argues that HIV/AIDS is making the poor poorer. The author identifies four driving forces perpetuating the pandemic: poverty, gender disparities and power structures, stigma and discrimination and exploitative global socio-economic structures and practices. As these four driving forces manifest themselves, HIV and AIDS prosper. As the pandemic flourishes, the likelihood of worsening poverty, gender relations, discrimination and global injustice increases and a vicious spiral is established. Whilst HIV and AIDS by no means affect only poorer people, the poor face greater susceptibility due to generally poorer health and nutrition, high risk survival strategies and inability to meet the costs of health services or cope with the loss of labour or income arising from chronic illness. Kelly highlights the “myth of coping” in relation to the crisis for orphans and vulnerable children and argues that “underlying the apparent success of family coping is the selfless sharing strategy that frequently characterises those living in poverty - the poor helping the destitute by sharing what they cannot afford. But this is hardly something that can be held up as a good model of coping”. Source: HIV and AIDS: a justice perspective, Michael J Kelly, Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection, 2006 The decline in household income is not generally offset by support from the State or civil society. An assessment on community coping capacities conducted in 2005 as part of a national situation analysis of orphaned and vulnerable children showed that only 12 per cent of the households with orphaned and vulnerable children had received assistance from either the Government or civil society (of which, 6.8 per cent had received support from the Government, 5.5 per cent from NGOs and 4.4 per cent from CBOs) (SIAPAC/AV 2006). The study also found that only 1 per cent of all households had a household member with a poverty certificate (the State mechanism for gaining eligibility to waivers of fees when using health, education or birth registration services). The 2003 Vulnerability Analysis showed that maternal orphans fare badly in terms of access to education, a trend that has been confirmed by the 2004/2005 IFTRAB. In 2003, the DHS found that only 62 per cent of 10-14 year-old maternal orphans were attending primary school, compared with 76 per cent of paternal orphans and 78 per cent of non-orphans living with their parents (INE 2005). In 2004/2005, the IFTRAB showed that 46 per cent of maternal orphans aged 6-12 years were attending primary school, compared with 71 per cent among non-orphaned children in the same age range (INE 2006). In addition, a study conducted in 2005 by the Ministry of Planning and Development established that within poor households, discrimination exists in the allocation of resources to children who are not direct biological descendants of the household head. The study found that children with no direct biological relationship to the household head were discriminated against in terms of their access to education, in both rural and urban areas (Nhate 2005: 48). 85 85 In other aspects, such as health, medical consultation and child labour, the study found no evidence of discrimination. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 207
Figure 5.9: Primary school attendance among children aged 10-14 years 100 % 80 76 78 72 60 62 40 20 0 Paternal orphans Maternal orphans Non-orphans (live with parents) Non-orphans (do not live with parents) Source: DHS 2003 B. Disabled children There are no thorough data on the number of children living with disabilities in Mozambique and data on disability in general are described as “frail and inconsistent” (Taimo 2003: 2). This lack of information represents a major hurdle to programmatic interventions. The IFTRAB indicated that 1.6 per cent of the population had some form of disability, slightly lower than the 2.6 per cent indicated by the national Population Census in 1997 (cited in Taimo 2003: 4) (INE 2006). Although neither the 1997 census nor the IFTRAB provided information on the number of children with disabilities, the data did provide information on some of the patterns in disability. There is substantial variation between provinces, ranging from 0.4 per cent of the population with some form of disability in Maputo City to 3.5 per cent of the population in Gaza province. In both the Population Census and the IFTRAB, the level of disability was slightly higher among people in rural areas than in urban areas (1.9 per cent and 1.5 per cent respectively). The likelihood of physical or mental impairment varied with the level of education of the respondent, ranging from 1 per cent among those with secondary education to 2.9 per cent among those with no education. Given that poorer people are less likely to be educated, this correlation points to the close link between disability and poverty. Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, disease, lack of adequate health care and knowledge, lack of adequate sanitation and safe water, violence and abuse, and insalubrious and unsafe housing all contribute to physical or mental impairment. With respect to children with disabilities, the National Education Policy foresees the possibility of children with mild disabilities attending regular schools and children with more serious disabilities attending special schools. This requires education services to identify children with special needs before they start their school career and to train teachers to work with such children (MMAS 2000: 11). The obligation of the National Education System to guarantee educational opportunity to all persons with disabilities and the duties of the Ministry of Education in this respect are reconfirmed in the Policy for Persons with Disabilities (MMAS 2000:12). 208 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203 and 204: such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206: Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 211 and 212: activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214: The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216: 214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219 and 220: planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222: 7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228: ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232: Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234: Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236: Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238: World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240: World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242: Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243: United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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