Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Figure 5.7: Total orphans 0-17 - projection from 1998 to 2010 2,000,000 1,600,000 1,200,000 800,000 400,000 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 AIDS Non-AIDS Source: Multisectoral Technical Group for the Fight against HIV/AIDS 2004 Box 5.8: How many orphans In 2004/2005, the IFTRAB survey indicated that 11.9 per cent of children 0-17 years were orphaned, corresponding to about 1.2 million orphaned children in the country. While the proportion of orphaned children is increasing, this finding is consistent with the findings of the DHS, which indicated that in 2003 the proportion of orphaned children 0-17 was 11.6 per cent. The data in the Demographic Impact of HIV/AIDS study (INE 2004) provide a higher estimate. In 2005, data from the Demographic Impact study indicated that there were 1.6 million orphans in Mozambique, i.e. 400,000 additional orphaned children. While orphaned children in institutions are not covered by household surveys such as the IFTRAB and the DHS, the small number of children in institutions in Mozambique, estimated at 11,500 in 2005, cannot account for the difference observed. There are two plausible explanations for this difference: (1) the modelling system used to produce the Demographic Impact projections has inaccurate demographics indicators and/or (2) orphaned children in households are not declared as “orphaned” by respondents to surveys, for a variety of reasons. Large multi-purpose surveys with many topics and modules rarely collect all data with consistent quality. The impact of the AIDS pandemic is now clearly evident in the central region, particularly in Sofala and Manica provinces (the central corridor). The results from the 2004/2005 IFTRAB indicate that the proportion of orphaned children is the lowest in the provinces with the lowest HIV prevalence, namely Niassa (HIV prevalence 11.1 per cent, orphaning rate 10.8 per cent), Cabo Delgado (HIV prevalence 8.6 per cent, orphaning rate 9.3 per cent) and Nampula (HIV prevalence 9.2 per cent, orphaning rate 8.2 per cent). The proportion of orphans is highest in Sofala province, where almost one in five children is an orphan (19 per cent) and where HIV prevalence is the highest in the country (estimated at 26.5 per cent in 2004). CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 203
Sofala province also accounts for the highest proportion of children who have lost both parents, with 4 per cent of all children being double orphans compared to 1.6 per cent at national level, and the highest proportion of maternal orphans, with 8.7 per cent of all children in the province having lost their mother, compared with 4.4 per cent at national level. Manica province has a similar pattern, with the second highest proportion of dual and maternal orphans. The high proportion of orphaned children in Gaza (16.8 per cent of all children) is partly related to the large number of men from the province that have migrated to South Africa to work in the mining industry and have died as a result of AIDS. Gaza has the highest proportion of paternal orphans in the country (14.4 per cent of all children in the province compared to 9.2 per cent at national level). % 16 Figure 5.8: Orphaned children by province 12 8 4 0 Niassa Cabo Delgado Nampula Zambézia Tete Manica Sofala Inhambane Gaza Maputo Maputo City Maternal orphans Paternal orphans Dual orphans Source: IFTRAB 2004/2005 The proportion of children who are orphaned is slightly higher in urban areas (13.8 per cent) than in rural areas (11.1 per cent). Orphaned children are more likely to live in households where the head has had no education, which might indicate that poor households are disproportionately taking the responsibility of coping with the orphan crisis. For example, 16.6 per cent of children living in families where the head of household has had no education are orphaned. This proportion decreases steadily as the education level of the household head increases. 10.8 per cent of children are orphans in households where the head has reached EP1 level, 9.1 per cent where the head has reached EP2 level and 9.9 per cent where the head has reached secondary or higher education. Orphaned children are also disproportionately living in households headed by women. Female headed households make up only 30 per cent of all households, but over half of orphans (54 per cent) live in households headed by women (IFTRAB 2006). Women heading households have on average lower levels of education than men heading households and are disproportionately affected by poverty, with 63 per cent of female headed households living below the poverty line compared with 52 per cent among male headed households. Available data also suggest that the proportion of orphans living in households headed by older people is high. A recent survey of 10,177 households in one district (Changara) of Tete province (HelpAge International 2006) found that 1,182 households included at least one orphan. Of these households, 635 were headed by an older person (i.e. just over half of households with orphans). 204 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
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Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203: such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 207 and 208: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210: Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211 and 212: activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214: The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216: 214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219 and 220: planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222: 7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228: ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232: Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234: Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236: Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238: World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240: World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242: Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243: United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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