Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Figure 2.8: Children and adults living below the poverty line 100 % 80 74.4 60 63.5 58.2 40 49.4 20 0 1996/97 2002/03 Children Adults Source: IAF, 1996/7 and 2002/3 There is a strong negative relationship between the number of children in a household and per capita consumption within the household (see Table 2.4). This is because the greater the number of children in a household, the higher the dependency ratio and the lower the average consumption levels possible for a given household budget. Wealthier households also tend to have fewer children. Table 2.4: Poverty headcount disaggregated by household size, 1996/1997 – 2002/2003 Number of Children in Household Poverty Headcount (%) 1996/97 2002/03 Difference 0 27.3 23.7 -13.2 1 46.5 33.2 -28.6 2 61.0 48.5 -20.5 3 75.9 55.1 -27.4 4+ 81.9 64.9 -20.8 Source: IAF, 1996/97 and 2002/03 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 49
Figure 2.9: Households living below the poverty line by number of children in the household 100 % 80 60 64.9 40 48.5 55.1 33.2 20 23.7 0 0 1 2 3 4+ Number of children per household Source: IAF, 1996/97 and 2002/03 (ii) Deprivations-based measurement Under the standard definition of absolute poverty, children are defined as living in absolute poverty if they face two or more severe deprivations (see Chapter I for definition of indicators and types of deprivation). By this measure, the proportion of Mozambican children living in absolute poverty in 2003 was 49 per cent, with significant disparities between urban (20 per cent) and rural (63 per cent) areas, and between children from the poorest households (i.e. the first wealth index quintile) with 90 per cent absolute poverty, contrasted with 4 per cent among the best-off quintile (fifth wealth index quintile). Breaking the deprivations measure down by province reveals that the proportion of children living in absolute poverty is highest in Zambezia (75 per cent), followed by Sofala (59 per cent), and Nampula and Tete (55 per cent) (see Figure 2.11). Maputo City emerges as having by far the lowest levels of poverty based on this measure. These results contrast strikingly with those produced by the consumption-based measure. In particular, Maputo City only recorded 3 per cent childhood poverty on the deprivations-based measure, as opposed to 60 per cent under the consumption-based approach. Maputo Province showed a similarly vast gulf between the two estimates. This is explained by the fact that the consumption-based approach does not directly capture the consumption of public services such as health, education, water and sanitation, which are likely to be particularly concentrated in urban areas and in particular around the seat of national Government. 50 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1: CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 9 and 10: 4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102:
There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104:
Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106:
Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110:
Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114:
It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116:
100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142:
Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148:
DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174:
172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176:
I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178:
involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180:
Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182:
Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184:
The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192:
The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202:
C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206:
Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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