Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Boys are slightly more stunted than girls (43 per cent versus 39 per cent). This can be partly attributed to the fact that boys have a higher requirement for certain micronutrients such as zinc and are, therefore, more susceptible to these deficiencies. It also suggests that in Mozambique young girls are not discriminated against compared with boys in terms of access to food. Children living in rural areas show a much higher prevalence of stunting than those living in urban areas, (46 per cent versus 29 per cent). This is largely explained by differences in food availability, monotonous feeds and lower access to health services for rural children. They may also be more likely to experience a reasonably prolonged food deficit at some point in time. Provincial disparities are particularly acute in relation to stunting. Stunting prevalence among under-five children varies from less than 25 per cent in Maputo City and Province to over 55 per cent in Cabo Delgado province. The 1997 DHS recorded rates of stunting for children under 3 years old in Cabo Delgado of 57 per cent, making this the most affected province in the country. The prevalence of stunting declines as a child’s social status and level of schooling increase. However, it is only for the best off children (fifth quintile) that stunting prevalence is significantly lower than national averages. Stunting prevalence among under-five children in the three poorest quintiles varies from 46 per cent to 49 per cent, decreasing to 35 per cent in the fourth quintile and 20 per cent in the fifth quintile. This shows that children have poor nutrition in the overwhelming majority of Mozambican households. The same patterns are observed in relation to education levels. Stunting prevalence varies from 47 per cent among children of mothers with no schooling to 42 per cent among children of mothers with primary level education, but drops sharply to 15 per cent among children of mothers with secondary education. Figure 3.14: Stunting prevalence by wealth index quintile 60 % 40 49 47 46 35 20 20 0 Poorest Second poorest Middle Second best off Best off Source: DHS 2003 The persisting high stunting prevalence and the lack of progress made in improving the nutritional status of children highlights the underlying chronic vulnerability to which Mozambican children are exposed. Vulnerability to malnutrition is further exacerbated by the AIDS pandemic and the recurrent droughts that regularly affect areas in the southern and central regions of the country. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 95
Alarmingly high levels of stunting were found among children whose mother had died (maternal orphans) in the third multi-sectoral Vulnerability Assessment carried out in 2003 in 29 selected districts with high levels of food insecurity and high HIV/ AIDS prevalence (SETSAN, UNICEF, Pierre Martel, 2003). The assessment revealed that maternal orphans were 50 per cent more likely to be chronically malnourished than the general child population. Levels of severe stunting were more than double for maternal orphans compared with other children (36 per cent versus 15 per cent). Children whose father had died (paternal orphans), on the other hand, did not appear to be more vulnerable than other children with regard to levels of stunting. Unfortunately, the DHS of 2003 only measured the nutritional status of children whose mothers were alive, therefore preventing further confirmation of the pattern observed in the 2003 vulnerability assessment. 60 Figure 3.15: Vulnerability to chronic malnutrition among maternal orphans % 56 40 38 36 20 15 0 Moderate and severe stunting All children Maternal orphans Severe stunting Source: SETSAN/UNICEF/Martel 2003 (iii) Wasting prevalence (acute malnutrition) Wasting or acute malnutrition, defined on the basis of weight to height, shows malnutrition resulting from excessive loss of weight that occurred in a recent period due to severe illness or lack of food. This indicator is particularly dynamic, as it is very sensitive to seasonal variations and changes in the child’s environment. In 2003, the DHS indicated that wasting prevalence among children under the age of five was 4 per cent. There were no differences between wasting prevalence in boys and girls and little difference according to area of residence (3.1 per cent in urban area versus 4.3 per cent in rural areas). Wasting was significantly higher among children in the poorest households (5.6 per cent) than among children in the best off households (2.5 per cent). Provincial variations were important, with wasting prevalence as high as 7.6 per cent in Sofala province and as low as 0.5 per cent in Maputo province. The prevalence of acute malnutrition increases steadily during the first two years of life and only decreases after 24 months of age. This is explained by poor breastfeeding and feeding practices in Mozambique. Breast milk is complemented, or even replaced by foods of inadequate nutrient content, usually at far too early an age. 96 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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