Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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The following three targets have been included in the PARPA II document, to be achieved by the year 2009, for reducing the vulnerability of orphaned children and redressing existing discrimination: • The ratio of school attendance of maternal orphaned children to non-orphaned children is equal; 86 • The ratio of stunting prevalence among orphaned children to non-orphaned children is equal; • Thirty per cent of households with orphans and vulnerable children have received free external support for the care of the children in the household (RM 2006b: 110). In 2006 alone, the PoA OVC identified 1.2 million orphaned and vulnerable children, defined as children living below the poverty line who are (1) orphaned children (maternal, paternal or double); (2) children infected or affected by HIV/AIDS, including children living in households headed by other children, women or elderly persons and children living in households headed by a chronically ill adult. A costing exercise conducted as part of the development of the PoA OVC defined costs of OVC support for all sectors: education, health, justice, state administration and social action. These increase progressively in line with the coverage targets set for each year from US$45 million in 2005 to US$160 million in 2010. While the importance of direct social assistance as a strategy to increase the wellbeing of the most vulnerable children has been acknowledged by the Government, the debate around the most effective social protection modalities to reach orphaned and vulnerable children is still in its initial stages within the Ministry for Women and Social Action. In the context of increasing vulnerability of children, families and communities in the context of HIV/AIDS, momentum has been building around the provision of unconditional cash transfers to households caring for orphaned and vulnerable children. The PoA OVC specifies unconditional cash transfers to households caring for orphaned and vulnerable children as the modality for providing financial support to these households. According to a recent analysis of the impact of unconditional cash transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa (Making Cash Count, Institute of Development Studies, HelpAge International and Save the Children UK, 2005), the regular provision of cash to the most vulnerable households: (i) had a positive impact in reducing childhood poverty rates (Barrientos and De Jong); (ii) was preferred by households themselves as it gave them a choice in the terms of expenditure and the flexibility to spend cash in appropriate ways to enable children to access basic services; and (iii) was often cheaper and more cost effective to deliver than other forms of household level support. An analysis of existing social protection schemes (Johnson 2006), provides a comprehensive overview of social protection in Mozambique, divided into the categories of: (i) Obligatory social protection (social security); (ii) Basic social protection (delivered through government institutions); (iii) Complementary Social Protection (delivered through non-governmental bodies). 86 In addition to the Plan of Action for OVC, and as noted in Chapter IV, the Ministry of Education and Culture is working towards a policy to remove CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 211
The responsibility for implementing social protection programmes within Government rests with the Ministry for Women and Social Action and its implementing arm, the National Institute for Social Action (INAS), which currently runs five principal programmes: (i) Food Subsidy, (ii) Direct Social Action, (iii) Social Benefit for Work, (iv) Income Generation, and (v) Community Development. While the first two programmes mentioned target individuals unable to carry out productive activities, the latter three programmes target the most vulnerable who are able to engage in some form of activity for their own support. At the moment, none of these schemes targets households caring for orphans and vulnerable children directly. Although the Food Subsidy Programme targets older people, disabled people, highly vulnerable women heading households and the chronically ill living in extreme poverty and with no other source of support, there are presently no data on the proportion of beneficiaries caring for orphaned and vulnerable children. The fact that the Food Subsidy Programme is the main social protection scheme operated by the National Institute for Social Action (in terms of geographical reach, financial resources allocated by the State Budget for its implementation and being the only State social assistance scheme defined in legislation), combined with the probability of considerable overlap between beneficiaries of the Food Subsidy and carers of orphaned and vulnerable children has created significant interest among government institutions, bi-lateral and multi-lateral partners and civil society organisations in taking action to ensure that the Food Subsidy Programme becomes an effective mechanism for social assistance reaching the most vulnerable children. Funding has currently been secured by the Ministry for Women and Social Action (Multi-AIDS country Programming funds through the National Council for the Fight Against HIV/AIDS) to revise targeting criteria (to include households caring for orphaned and vulnerable children), rationalising the system to disburse cash (clarifying the roles of DPMAS, DDMAS, the National Institute for Social Action delegations and community based volunteer representatives (permanentes) and of civil society in monitoring usage). Piloting a more effective method of disbursing the Food Subsidy over 2006 and 2007 and analysing its impact on the well-being of children, would be crucial to have a full understanding of its potential to be taken to scale at the national level as a means of improving the living conditions of children. Box 5.10: Food Subsidy Programme The Food Subsidy Programme has the largest coverage of all the INAS social protection schemes, reaching 82,631 beneficiaries in 2005. Of these, 91% were elderly people, 6% were disabled people, 1% were chronically ill and 0.5% were women heading households. Since its introduction in 1993, the Food Subsidy Programme has been financed solely through the State Budget. Its geographical coverage has gradually increased, from its urban origins to current coverage reaching vulnerable rural households at district level and sub-district level. Financial execution of the Food Subsidy Programme has improved from 2003 at 18.5% and 52% in 2004 to 90% in 2005 (Johnson, K. 2006). While the monthly value of the payment made per beneficiary represented 30% of the minimum wage in 1003, by 2004 the current maximum level (MTZ 140,000) had fallen to below 10% of the minimum wage (MTZ 1,450,000 for public and private sector employment, except in agriculture). Sources: Options Paper for Social Protection, Johnson, 2006. 212 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
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Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203 and 204: such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206: Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210: Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211: activities to strengthen the capaci
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Page 217 and 218: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219 and 220: planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222: 7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228: ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232: Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234: Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236: Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238: World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240: World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242: Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243: United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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