Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef
Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef
Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Box 2.1: Methodological note on measur<strong>in</strong>g official<br />
poverty – the consumption approach<br />
The consumption based measure, from which the national poverty l<strong>in</strong>e is derived,<br />
is based on the Household Income <strong>and</strong> Expenditure Survey (IAF), which is<br />
conducted by INE every six years. It was first conducted <strong>in</strong> 1996/97, followed by<br />
a second survey <strong>in</strong> 2002/03. The latter comprised week-long <strong>in</strong>terviews with a<br />
r<strong>and</strong>om sample of 8,700 households, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g detailed questions on expenditure.<br />
It is representative both <strong>in</strong> terms of space <strong>and</strong> time, with <strong>in</strong>terviews for each subgroup<br />
of the population represented spread evenly throughout the survey year so<br />
as to capture seasonality <strong>in</strong> prices <strong>and</strong> consumption. The data is then analysed<br />
by the M<strong>in</strong>istry of Plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Development to determ<strong>in</strong>e the national poverty<br />
situation through the <strong>Poverty</strong> <strong>and</strong> Well-Be<strong>in</strong>g National Assessment (GoM, 1998<br />
<strong>and</strong> 2004).<br />
“Consumption” <strong>in</strong>cludes both food <strong>and</strong> non-food items <strong>and</strong> is adjusted for<br />
seasonality of the former, but omits public services <strong>and</strong> home produced services.<br />
A Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) methodology is then applied. This approach consists<br />
of the development of a basket of food items consumed by the poor that is judged<br />
sufficient for basic calorie needs (the calorie content of each basket depends<br />
upon the demographic composition of the region, averag<strong>in</strong>g approximately 2,100<br />
calorie/day). The cost of this basket makes up the food poverty l<strong>in</strong>e. A non-food<br />
poverty l<strong>in</strong>e is obta<strong>in</strong>ed by exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the share of total expenditure allocated to<br />
non-food by households liv<strong>in</strong>g near the food poverty l<strong>in</strong>e. The overall poverty l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
is then calculated as the sum of the food <strong>and</strong> non-food poverty l<strong>in</strong>es. It must be<br />
stressed that the poverty l<strong>in</strong>e represents an extremely basic st<strong>and</strong>ard of liv<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
The consumption-based measure, however, has important limitations. It<br />
produces a measure of ability to satisfy basic needs rather than actual household<br />
consumption – to say a household can satisfy its basic needs is not to show<br />
that it actually does so. Due to data restrictions, the measure also provides<br />
a household average consumption measure <strong>and</strong> thus does not capture <strong>in</strong>trahousehold<br />
allocations, so that some members of a non-poor household may<br />
<strong>in</strong> fact be consumption-poor <strong>and</strong> vice-versa. F<strong>in</strong>ally, <strong>in</strong> <strong>Mozambique</strong>, the f<strong>in</strong>al<br />
consumption measure is produced on a per capita basis, with no compensation<br />
made for differences between child <strong>and</strong> adult expenditure requirements through<br />
the use of adult-equivalence weight<strong>in</strong>gs (i.e. the average of 2,100 calorie/day to<br />
satisfy m<strong>in</strong>imum needs applies equally to both adults <strong>and</strong> children). At first sight,<br />
this implies that the poverty situation for children may be a little better than that<br />
portrayed, as a work<strong>in</strong>g adult for example requires a higher amount of calories/day,<br />
<strong>and</strong> hence greater expenditure, than a non-work<strong>in</strong>g child. However, s<strong>in</strong>ce children<br />
require a higher <strong>in</strong>take of micronutrients than adults, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the adult calorific<br />
requirement may be a reasonable proxy for measur<strong>in</strong>g a child poverty l<strong>in</strong>e us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the consumption-based measure. In addition, the proportion of children who work<br />
is high. As the Second National Assessment observes, “these issues highlight the<br />
need for a variety of poverty <strong>in</strong>dicators taken from a variety of perspectives.”<br />
The <strong>in</strong>dicator measur<strong>in</strong>g the percentage of people liv<strong>in</strong>g below the poverty l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
is known as the “poverty headcount”. The headcount measure does not convey<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation regard<strong>in</strong>g improvements <strong>in</strong> the well-be<strong>in</strong>g of those below the poverty<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e. In order to measure the depth of poverty – how poor the poor are – the<br />
“poverty gap <strong>in</strong>dex” is used. This <strong>in</strong>dicator is an average percentage distance<br />
that exam<strong>in</strong>es how far the average poor household is from escap<strong>in</strong>g poverty or<br />
ris<strong>in</strong>g above the poverty l<strong>in</strong>e. In order to measure <strong>in</strong>equality amongst the poor, the<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicator known as the “squared poverty gap <strong>in</strong>dex” is also used. This <strong>in</strong>dicator<br />
averages the square of the poverty gaps, thereby giv<strong>in</strong>g weight to ga<strong>in</strong>s made by<br />
the poorest of the poor.<br />
CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS<br />
43