Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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covered by external financing. In the rural water supply and sanitation programme this proportion is even higher, at an estimated 80 per cent of the overall budget according to the National Water Directorate figures. The largely internally financed “recurrent” component of the State Budget is spent almost exclusively on civil servants’ salaries (around 98 per cent), while the “investment” budget is used to finance additional recurrent expenditures such as goods and services and salaries for project staff, and capital projects. Within the sector, nearly 90 per cent of expenditures cover water supply and sanitation, with the remainder going to water resource management. Of that 90 per cent, the key distinction is between spending in rural and in urban areas. Indeed, a key challenge in sectoral financing, as well as for the sector as a whole, involves addressing the large urban-rural disparities. The overall spending on urban water has historically exceeded that on rural water. In spite of the considerable disparities observed between urban and rural areas, per capita spending on the expansion of water access for those as yet unserved has been estimated to have been around six times greater for urban than rural areas in 2003 and 2004 (WB 2005). The relative lack of resources for expanding rural water supply coverage has been compounded by the relatively high costs involved when compared to those in other countries in the region. Expanding rural water supply means the drilling of wells and installation of hand pumps (nearly 75 per cent of the population presently rely on groundwater) and, crucially, ensuring their sustainability. Drilling a borehole, together with the provision of a hand pump, costs US$10,000 in Mozambique as compared to $5,000 - $7,000 in Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Ghana (WB 2003). This is principally due to weak institutional capacity and unusually high drilling costs for the region and the lack of a national framework for bidding for groundwater drilling projects. Moreover, Mozambique’s very low population density means that each pump serves around 250 people, making the per capita cost of a new borehole and hand pump around US$50. Extensive rural water supply projects are currently under development in order to begin to redress this imbalance. Projects worth an additional US$135 million are also being drawn up by other international partners. It is essential that these initiatives should continue to be demand-led and accompanied by mechanisms to ensure the long-term sustainability of rural water points to ensure that the proportion of nonfunctional wells does not increase (WB, 2005). While the chance of meeting the MDG for water and sanitation has been rated as “unlikely” in the second MDG National Report, projections show that, in financial terms at least, this does not necessarily have to be the case. Without assuming any improvements in efficiency, the investment required to meet the MDG in rural areas has been estimated at around US$15 million per year, as compared to an estimated average annual capital investment of US$9 million in rural water in recent years (WB 2005; GoM, 2006). The recently developed Rural Water and Sanitation Strategic Plan also presents cost projections to 2015 for the attainment of the MDGs in rural water and sanitation (GoM, 2006). Its scenario for achievement of the MDGs will cost an estimated US$180 million for rural water and around US$11 million for rural sanitation. In the context of the size of the above-mentioned investments being developed in the sector these estimates are not prohibitively high. Urban water supply expansion will also receive a significant boost from the forthcoming Millennium Challenge Account funding of around US$125 million over the next five years for urban water supply in towns in the four northernmost provinces (GoM, 2005). CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 127
The agenda for expanding water supply to meet the MDGs does not, however, simply include the required volume of financing. If this rapid expansion is to be realised, the sector’s poor budget execution rates will need to be addressed. Sector figures indicate that the overall execution rate for internal investment spending was about 65 per cent in 2005 (compared to around 55 per cent in 2004), while the National Water Directorate (DNA) within the Ministry of Public Works and Housing executed only 47 per cent of its budget (compared to 53 per cent in 2004). Sectoral figures available for rural water provide a good illustration of the problem. Figure 3.32: Comparison of allocation and execution of internal resources in the State Budget, 2001 - 2004 60 57.5 58.7 Billion of Meticais 40 20 18.0 17.5 31.0 24.4 45.4 11.0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 Allocated Executed Source: National Water Directorate, cited in GoM (2006) As with other service delivery sectors, timely disbursal of funds from the Ministry of Finance is cited by the sector as a cause of this problem, with many months seeing very limited or even non-existent disbursements due to liquidity constraints. This is illustrated by the fact that the more financially autonomous institutions in the sector – the Investment and Assets Fund for Water Supply (FIPAG) and the Southern Region Water Administration (ARA-sul) – were able to realise execution rates of 100 per cent and 94 per cent respectively according to sector data. The sector also faces a growing debt burden, which reached around US$2.5 million by the end of 2005 (GoM and PAP, 2006). The key drivers of increased debts are arrears in VAT payments and other counterpart contributions that the National Water Directorate has incurred under externally funded projects. As discussed in Chapter II, many donors refuse to pay these charges on their investment projects, and under Mozambican law the Government must assume the responsibility to meet contractors’ claims. However, the budgetary allocations made to meet these fiscal charges are very often inadequate, mainly due to fiscal constraints limiting domestic revenues available for counterpart funding. While this problem affects the health and education sectors it is particularly pronounced in the water sector. This is seriously delaying the execution of externally funded projects, thereby reducing their economic returns and increasing the costs of procurement, as contractors incorporate delays and non-payment of VAT into their bids (Orlowski, 2006). For the Government, the 128 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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