Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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5. Literacy The 2004/2005 IFTRAB shows that slightly over half (52 per cent) of the population of Mozambique is not literate, with significant disparities between rural and urban areas (66 and 26 per cent not literate respectively) and between women and men (67 per cent non-literacy among women compared to 34 per cent among men). These figures support the findings of past household surveys, which have consistently shown the rates of non-literacy among women to be almost twice as high as those among men. The 2003 DHS, for example, showed 62 per cent of women were not literate compared to 33 per cent of men. The IFTRAB data reveal important variations in literacy levels between provinces, which follow those generally observed for the primary education indicators, with the lowest rates of literacy being in the provinces with some of the lowest rates of school attendance - Cabo Delgado, Zambezia, Nampula and Niassa - and the highest levels of literacy being in Maputo City and Maputo Province, which consistently have the highest levels of enrolment and attendance in primary school. The four provinces of Cabo Delgado, Zambezia, Nampula and Niassa are also those with the highest gender gap in terms of literacy. The 2003 DHS indicated that the level of household wealth, as in access to education, is an important factor in the level of literacy, with both women and men in the poorest households being significantly more likely to be non-literate than those in the best off households. Among women, 88 per cent of those from households in the poorest quintile were not literate, as compared with only 20 per cent of women from households in the best off quintile. While literacy rates remain low, the IFTRAB data confirm a positive trend whereby a greater proportion of younger Mozambicans, particularly women, are literate. While 80 per cent of Mozambicans over 65 years of age are not literate, the figure is 34 per cent among young people aged 15-19 years. The gender gap in terms of literacy is also lower among young people, reflecting progressively more equitable access to education by sex. 100 Figure 4.13: Illiteracy rate 81 80 65 66 72 73 60 57 40 44 24 30 38 34 32 28 32 20 0 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Age-group Source: IFTRAB 2004/2005 Men Women CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 149
Lack of literacy is directly correlated with low life expectancy, high rates of child mortality, unemployment and consequently with an income insufficient to guarantee the basic needs of households. As shown in this analysis, severe deprivation among children is directly related to the level of education of mothers, with systematically better health and education outcomes for children whose mothers had a primary education. The impact is even greater among children whose mothers have attained secondary or higher education (who are also more likely to come from households in the higher wealth quintiles and from urban areas). 6. Children and HIV prevention education Adolescents, particularly adolescent girls, are disproportionately affected by the AIDS epidemic. Estimates of age specific HIV prevalence among young people aged 15 to 24 indicate that almost three times as many females as males are HIV positive. In 2006, projections show that HIV prevalence was 8.9 per cent among young women 15 to 19 years of age compared to 2.9 per cent among young men in the same age group. In the age group 20 to 24 years old, HIV prevalence is estimated at 22.6 per cent among women compared to 7.5 per cent among men (INE 2004). The increasing incidence of HIV infection in young girls is caused by a combination of biological and social factors. Biologically, women are more susceptible to infection as semen carries a higher viral load than vaginal fluid and remains in the vagina for some time and women have higher prevalence of genital ulcers and undetected STIs. Girls are furthermore vulnerable to infection as their vaginal tissue is less resistant than in adult women. Socially, girls and women have less control over sexual decision making (including condom use), are subject in some areas to harmful traditional practices (e.g. dry sex) and have much higher rates than boys of childhood marriage. The average age of starting sexual activity is young. Estimates in 2003 of an average age of 16 for sexual debut mask wide geographical and socio-economic differences. For example, the DHS in 2003 indicated that almost half of young women 15 to 24 years of age in Niassa and Cabo Delgado provinces reported having had sex before 15 years of age, compared with 16 per cent in Maputo City. Among young women with no education, 37 per cent reported having had sex before the age of 15, compared with 8 per cent among young women with secondary or higher education. Figure 4.14: Percentage of young women 15-24 years old who had sex before age 15 40 37 30 27 20 10 8 0 No education Primary Secondary or higher Source: DHS 2003 150 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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