Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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4- Accelerating the response to the AIDS pandemic While Mozambique has achieved significant progress in reducing the under five mortality rate, the gains of recent years are being increasingly threatened by the impact of the AIDS pandemic and capacity constraints continue to impede the national response. Although the available evidence indicates that AIDS is fast becoming a major cause of infant and child mortality, at the end of 2005 only 3 per cent of eligible children were receiving paediatric treatment and only 5 per cent of the total estimated HIV positive pregnant women in the country had received treatment for the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT). Unless there is a significant and accelerated scale-up of interventions in these areas, the development gains of recent years will be dramatically reversed. 5- Managing aid inflows for improved child outcomes There is a rapidly evolving aid environment in Mozambique, in which donors are increasingly moving away from ad hoc ‘project-based’ funding towards General Budget Support, accompanied by greater alignment with government policy and strategy and harmonisation between development partners. However, while addressing the complex structural barriers in aid delivery will require long-term, sustained investment in infrastructure and strengthening of institutional capacity, as PARPA II highlights, there is a need to ensure that (potential) additional aid inflows are targeted towards programmes that can deliver ‘step change’ in child development outcomes. Obvious candidates include large-scale programmes which deliver clear benefits for children, such as the comprehensive scaling-up of the distribution of long-lasting, insecticide-treated nets, vaccination campaigns, or the accelerated expansion of access to paediatric treatment and drugs for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. Since childhood poverty and disease can undermine an individual’s lifetime development prospects, there is a clear rationale for addressing these as soon as possible. 6- Strengthening the capacity of civil society and promoting community participation Given the varying capacity of Government authorities, particularly at the sub-national level, to implement and monitor programmes for children, civil society continues to play a critical role both in creating demand for services and supporting the authorities to expand service delivery. As civil society organisations tend to be based at the grassroots level, they are also often well placed to ensure that the most vulnerable children and women are reached by development programmes and to advocate for children’s rights. The work of civil society is vital, for example, in supporting OVC to access basic services: the 2005 Situation Analysis of Orphaned and Vulnerable Children indicated that OVC households are significantly more likely to have been reached by civil society than by Government outreach activities. Civil society organisations also play a vital role in ensuring that government commitments are met, for example through implementation of national action plans and policies and participation in the monitoring of the PARPA. In tackling childhood poverty, it is also important to recognise that children have the right to participate in matters that affect them and need to be empowered and supported to participate in designing and implementing measures for the reduction of childhood poverty. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 219
7- Implementing social communication strategies The analysis highlights the importance of social communication strategies in sharing information and knowledge, promoting social and behaviour change and mobilising communities. It is widely acknowledged, for example, that the nationwide immunisation campaign conducted in 2005 would not have achieved such high rates of coverage without the implementation of a complementary and intensive communication strategy. The operationalisation of national communication strategies, such as the National HIV/AIDS Communication Strategy, provides the opportunity to ensure the scale-up of coordinated, focused and effective social mobilisation and communication initiatives nationwide. Implementation of such strategies, however, needs to be tailored to the local context, using a variety of communication channels accessible to communities, such as community theatre and radio networks. Such strategies are potentially a very important tool in improving child development outcomes that are closely linked to cultural practices and attitudes. For example, ensuring that children receive appropriate nutrition in early life by disseminating information to families regarding healthy breastfeeding practices and diet may help in improving anthropometric measures such as stunting and chronic malnutrition. Such measures have to date failed to register significant improvements and, given their lifelong impact, devising interventions to deliver improvements is a high priority for child development. 220 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
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Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196: • Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198: - To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200: from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202: C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203 and 204: such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206: Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208: Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210: Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211 and 212: activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214: The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216: 214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218: Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219: planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 223 and 224: Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226: ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228: ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232: Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234: Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236: Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238: World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240: World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242: Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243: United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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