Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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epetition and drop-out rates at nearly all grade levels from 1999 to 2004, with an accompanying improvement in the probability of moving to the next grade level. However, the continuing extreme gap between high enrolment and low completion rates indicates massive inefficiencies in the education system, with wasted learning opportunities for children and wasted resources for poverty reduction. Table 4.5: Repetition and completion rates in public schools in 1999 and 2004 Year EP1 EP2 ESG1 ESG2 Grades 1-5 Grades 6-7 Grades 8-10 Grades 11-12 Repetition Rate 1999 23.9 24.9 25.8 11.7 2004 20.8 20.3 25.1 7.8 Completion Rate 1999 26.5 10.7 2.0 0.6 2004 48.0 28.9 5.2 1.3 Source: MEC C. Attendance Analysis of attendance rates provides a more informative picture of the education sector in Mozambique in that they indicate whether a child is actually attending school (according to household surveys data), as opposed to simply being enrolled in school (according to the Ministry of Education and Culture data). Trends in school attendance over time confirm the positive trends in school enrolment. However, a much smaller proportion of children are attending school than are enrolled in school. For example, while NER in EP1 was 69 per cent in 2003, the DHS conducted in 2003 indicates that the net EP1 attendance rate for that year was 54 per cent. It is worth noting that the primary school attendance data collected by the DHS are significantly lower than the data collected in 2002/2003 during the Household Survey on Living Conditions (IAF) and the more recent 2004/05 IFTRAB. In 2003, the DHS indicated that the primary school attendance rate was 60 per cent (57 per cent for girls and 63 per cent for boys). The IAF indicated a net primary school attendance rate of 66 per cent (64 per cent girls and 68 per cent boys), while the IFTRAB indicated that the attendance rate in primary school had improved substantially to 71 per cent, with almost no gender gap (70 per cent for girls compared to 72 per cent for boys). The source of this discrepancy is not immediately apparent. One possible explanation is related to the timing of the survey period. The data collection for both the IAF (2002/03) and IFTRAB (2004/05) surveys was conducted over a one-year period, covering two different school years. In contrast, the 2003 DHS was conducted over a short period of time (four months of data collection), during a single school year. It is possible that those IAF and IFTRAB interviews which were conducted during the vacation period lead to an overstatement of attendance figures by interviewees. It is also likely that the IFTRAB figures captured the positive effects of the abolition of school fees for the 2005 school year. On the principle that attendance rates should provide a snapshot of the situation in a given school year (and a given fee structure) and are therefore best measured through surveys of short duration that coincide with that particular year, the 2003 DHS data are given preference in this analysis. Although girls’ enrolment and attendance rates are overall lower than boys’, there were no differences by gender in the degree of disparity between enrolment and attendance at primary level. In 2003, the net attendance rate (NAR) for girls was 51 per cent, compared with a NER of 66 per cent. For boys, the net attendance rate was CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 143
57 per cent, compared with a NER of 72 per cent. At secondary level, the gender gap was also pronounced in terms of gross attendance rate (GAR) (18 per cent attendance among girls compared to 25 per cent among boys), although less marked in terms of NAR (7 per cent girls and 8 per cent boys). 100 Figure 4.4: Children attending primary education by age and sex % 80 60 62 78 76 70 69 82 77 81 77 73 73 74 67 68 40 20 27 24 49 45 55 54 53 39 46 32 34 14 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Age of children Boys Girls Source: INE/MPD/UNICEF 2005, additional analysis of the DHS 2003 There are striking differences between enrolment and attendance rates at provincial level and between attendance rates across different provinces. In Niassa province, primary net attendance among girls was only 40 per cent compared to 92 per cent for girls in Maputo City. In 2003, in Niassa there was also a 35 percentage point difference between the provincial net attendance rate in EP1, estimated at 37 per cent (DHS 2003) and the net enrolment ratio recorded the same year as 72 per cent for the province. Figure 4.5: Net enrolment and attendance in EP1 in 2003 % 100 80 60 40 72 37 68 54 53 41 68 68 69 58 48 43 66 55 78 78 74 71 96 84 100 89 69 54 20 0 Niassa Cabo Delgado Source: DHS 2003 and MEC Nampula Zambézia Tete Manica Sofala Inhambane Gaza Maputo Maputo City Enrolment Attendance Total 144 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168: The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170: The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172: sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174: 172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176: I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178: involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182: Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184: The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186: Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188: “Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190: Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192: The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194: Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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