Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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The armed struggle had a devastating overall effect on the country, displacing millions of people from their homes, and destroying both human and physical productive resources. Development was set back to such an extent that when the peace accords were signed in 1992, Mozambique was ranked as the poorest country in the world both by the UN’s Human Development Index (HDI) and according to World Bank estimates of Gross National Product per capita (WB 1997). The country remains one of the poorest in the world, ranked by the 2006 HDI as 168th of 177 countries. However, progress since 1992 has been sustained and impressive when seen in the context of the preceding years. Trends in real GDP since 1970 indicate that expansion since the transition to peace and democracy has been rapid and sustained, with 131 per cent real growth between 1991 and 2004 (see Figure 2.1). Only in 2001 did real GDP surpass its pre-independence level, but real growth (including agricultural growth benefiting rural areas) has continued apace since then, suggesting more profound forces are at work than the simple “bounce-back” effect after a long period of conflict (Arndt et al. 2006). Figure 2.1: Mozambique real GDP 1970-2004, in billions of metical at constant 1980 prices 350 1986: Start of Economic Rehabilitation Programme 300 1981: Intensification of civil war 250 Real GDP (1980 constant prices) 200 150 100 50 1975: Independence from Portugal 1992: End of civil war 0 2003 2000 1997 1994 1991 1988 1985 1982 1979 1976 1973 1970 Source: Jones (2006) This pattern of rapid progress from a very low base is also reflected in the national report on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Mozambique has the potential to achieve several targets that define progress relative to some previous national benchmarks (i.e. those on poverty reduction, child mortality and maternal mortality) due to this strong development trend. More generic targets that define progress relative to absolute thresholds such as universal primary education and gender equality remain more distant prospects due to the sheer depth of poverty and underdevelopment from which the nation is emerging. Of 11 MDG targets for which data were available, the second national MDG progress report in 2005 estimated that Mozambique had the potential of achieving five (see Table 2.1). CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 37
Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDGs Target for 2015 Halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Ensure that all boys and girls are able to complete a full course of primary schooling Eliminate gender disparity in all levels of education Reduce by two-thirds the under-five mortality rate Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio Have halted and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Have halted and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases Integrate principles of sustainable development into country policies and reverse loss of environmental resources Halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation Develop further an open, ruled based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system Source: GoM and UN 2005 Potentially on Track Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes B. Demographic trends Official population estimates are produced by the National Institute of Statistics (INE), based on projections from the 1997 National Census data. 8 These estimates reveal that the population is strikingly young. In 2006, of a total population of 19.9 million, half were children (10 million). Figure 2.2 provides an overview of the age structure of the population broken down by sex and by five-year age groups. Population density in Mozambique is very low, at 25.3 inhabitants per km2 (compared to densities of 109 and 39 inhabitants per km2 in neighbouring Malawi and South Africa (UN Population Division, 2006)), and there is a relative abundance of arable land. 9 The population is predominantly rural (69 per cent). At provincial level, the neighbouring coastal provinces of Zambezia and Nampula together account for 38 per cent of the total population and 39 per cent of the nation’s children. The size of an average household is estimated to be 4.7 members in urban areas and 4.2 members in rural areas, giving a national average of 4.3 (INE, 2006 IFTRAB). Figure 2.2: Projected age structure of the population by sex in 2006 and 2015 (in millions) Males 80+ 75 - 79 70 -74 65 -69 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5 - 9 0- 5 Females 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 Source: INE 2004a 2006 2015 2006 2015 38 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1: CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 9 and 10: 4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176:
I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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