Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

More documents

Recommendations

Info

and importance of the budget process, creating costly duplication of reporting mechanisms and weakening the executive’s accountability to Parliament. This phenomenon also imposes more direct costs on Government, which has to issue expensive and unnecessary domestic debt because there are unused project balances sitting idle outside the Treasury mechanism which could be used to temporarily strengthen the Government financial position (Lawson et al., 2006). This problem is most severe in the social services and infrastructure sectors since they are the largest recipients of external aid. The health sector was therefore chosen to pilot a study aimed at classifying and quantifying off-budget funds, seeking to outline the factors leading to their creation and recommend ways to progressively integrate them into the State Budget cycle (Cabral et al., 2005). The study distinguished between entirely off-budget funds and three categories of partially off-budget funding: (i) off-plan funds that are not inscribed into the State Budget; (ii) off-Treasury funds that are not transferred via the Treasury in their execution, and; (iii) off-report funds, which are neither captured in internal audit instruments (budget execution reports) nor external audit instruments (CGE). In the health sector in 2003 it was estimated that 29 per cent, 60 per cent and 44 per cent of funds fell into these categories respectively. Within the off-plan category, the proportion of external funds was estimated to be 87 per cent, with sector revenues comprising the remaining 13 per cent. In 2006, the Ministry of Finance produced guidelines to support donors in the integration of external funds into the budget cycle (Ministry of Finance, 2006) and efforts are ongoing to increase this integration. However, key barriers still remain, including: (i) weak incentives for sectors to cede direct control of financial allocation and management decisions; (ii) limited institutional capacity in central agencies and sectors to sustain the necessary changes, and; (iii) continued use of diverse donor financed programmes and projects throughout the sector. Faltering progress in aligning with Government processes may also be prejudicing child development outcomes. For example, many international partners require that aid for infrastructure projects be exempted from VAT payments, and that these be met by Government. However, the difficulties faced by the Government in budgeting for unpredictable VAT payments have hampered project implementation and led to accumulation of debts by Government agencies – a particularly big problem in the water sector, where it leads to delays in and higher costs for water infrastructure projects (see Chapter III for a more detailed discussion). The World Bank has demonstrated a potential solution to the problem – all its new agreements now acknowledge that credits may be used to pay fiscal charges and the Bank does not necessarily require state co-financing of projects. However further change in this regard is likely to be slow as the rules are written into the domestic laws and procedures of international partners (Orlowski, 2006). Clearly though, a more vigorous approach is needed than a commitment to “discussing, and contributing to a solution to this problem” (GoM and PAP, 2006). Even amongst the PAPs, a substantial share of project finance has been retained in portfolios, with a concomitant flat-lining of GBS in recent years as a proportion of the budget (though indicative commitments for 2007 suggest this situation may improve – see Figure 2.12). The proportion of project aid in PAP assistance actually increased from 36.9 per cent to an estimated 42.3 per cent between 2004 and 2006 (Ernst and Young, 2006). There is therefore a danger that, overall, the increased focus on global implementation and performance that has accompanied harmonisation and alignment will simply add to the total burden of conditionality, rather than being accompanied by a reduction in the more intrusive micro-management of project aid. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 67
This has troubling implications for the “accountability balance,” weakening domestic institutions such as the Parliament. Figure 2.12: PAP general budget and balance of payment support, 2000-2007 400 25.0 300 20.0 US$ Millions 200 15.0 10.0 % State Budget 100 5.0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006* 2007* US$ Millions % State Budget [RHS] 0.0 Note: *Data for 2006 and 2007 gives commitments only. Source: PAP Secretariat and CFMP Finally, capacity development is a key area that has so far been neglected in harmonisation and alignment reforms. The State has been the subject of radical reform in the short period since independence, undergoing a particularly rapid transformation and expansion since 1992, notably in the social services area. This has left little capacity available to actually manage the new arrangements. The emphasis on system expansion is increasingly tempered by the need to maintain quality levels, and improved institutional capacity is central to achieving this aim. Better coordinated and targeted capacity development is needed in order to address this, promoting long-term and often intangible outcomes such as improved management, planning and financial capacity within Government. A recent assessment concluded that donor provision of capacity development is incoherent and inadequate at present, and may well be hindered by short-term donor career incentives. In turn, Government also faces challenging incentive problems and needs to define more clearly its capacity development priorities and establish a framework through which they can be supported (Scanteam, 2006). b. Short and medium term implications The longer term benefits of these profound reforms in how external development assistance is delivered worldwide are widely accepted, with 91 countries signing the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in March 2005. However, the process of moving from existing bilateral arrangements, with substantial components of “off budget” and project based funding and the process of developing capacity and experience in recipient country governments is likely to be long. There is therefore a short and medium term imperative to ensure that, for children in poverty, they do not suffer deprivations in their critical childhood years that shape 68 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1:
CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 9 and 10:
4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12:
TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16:
GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115 and 116: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 117 and 118: A. Inequitable access to and fundin
Page 119 and 120:
The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122:
provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124:
Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130:
The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132:
and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134:
supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136:
1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138:
B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140:
Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142:
Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144:
Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146:
57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148:
DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152:
Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154:
In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156:
The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158:
Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160:
to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162:
The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164:
• The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166:
(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
Page 167 and 168:
The associated large off-budget res
Page 169 and 170:
The Ministry of Education and Cultu
Page 171 and 172:
sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174:
172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176:
I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178:
involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180:
Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
Page 181 and 182:
Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184:
The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186:
Against this background, Caia and C
Page 187 and 188:
“Trafficking in women and childre
Page 189 and 190:
Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192:
The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 5.5: School attendance among
Page 195 and 196:
• Labour law does not define the
Page 197 and 198:
- To use child labour (children age
Page 199 and 200:
from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202:
C. Birth registration - guaranteein
Page 203 and 204:
such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206:
Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208:
Evidence points to worrying increas
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
Page 211 and 212:
activities to strengthen the capaci
Page 213 and 214:
The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216:
214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
Page 219 and 220:
planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222:
7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224:
Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226:
ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228:
ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
show all

Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?