Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Table 2.6: Relationship of selected PARPA II targets for children with the CRC and the MDGs PARPA II Child Survival specific targets - Reduce the under-five mortality rate to 140 per 1,000 live births - Reduce underweight prevalence to 17 per cent - Reduce the maternal mortality ratio to 340 per 100,000 live births - 22 per cent of HIV positive mothers receive prophylaxis to prevent vertical transmission - 30 per cent of HIV positive children who are eligible for anti-retroviral therapy are receiving it - Increase the coverage of water (60 per cent urban and 55 per cent rural) and sanitation (55 per cent urban and 40 per cent rural) Education specific targets - Increase primary school completion rate to 59 per cent (55 per cent for girls) Protection specific targets - Improve the legal and institutional framework for the protection of children - Develop and consolidate social safety nets for the most disadvantaged citizens, including orphaned children - Ensure that the ratio of school attendance among maternal orphans is the same as nonorphaned children - Ensure that the ratio of malnutrition among orphaned children is the same as nonorphaned children CRC Article 24 (1): … States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health … Article 24 (1) (c): To combat disease and malnutrition … through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water … Article 28 (1): … States Parties recognize the right of the child to education … Preamble: … The child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth … Article 3 (2): … States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures … MDG Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Millennium Declaration VI Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Participation specific targets - Promote the strengthening of the youth association movement as a strategy for organising and increasing participation by young people in society Article 12 (1): … States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child … Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 55
Box 2.3: Civil society engagement in the PARPA: the Poverty Observatory and the RAP The Poverty Observatory (known in Portuguese as Observatorio da Pobreza, or ‘OP’) is a consultative and participatory forum for monitoring PARPA implementation, considering Government and civil society evaluations and producing recommendations for improvement. First held in 2003, the OP is coordinated by Government (lead by a Technical Secretariat in MPD) and brings together high-level delegations of Government, civil society and donors, comprising around 20 delegates each. In 2005, the national OP met twice to discuss and contribute to the PARPA II elaboration process, and Provincial Poverty Observatories were also held in all but one of the provinces to provide genuinely national consultation for PARPA II. Young people and children also participated in four of the provincial Poverty Observatories. A fifth national PO was held in June 2006 in order to launch the PARPA II following its approval by the Council of Ministers in May 2006. Civil Society involvement in the PO process has been coordinated through the “G20” group of NGOs which was formed in 2003 in order to organise more effectively the civil society input into the second national Poverty Observatory. The group – now comprising over 20 organisations – represents religious groups, trade unions, private and financial sector groups and other NGOs, including those concerned with gender, HIV/AIDS and the environment. In preparation for the second national OP in 2004, the G20 resolved to produce an annual participatory review of progress in poverty reduction, the Annual Poverty Report (known in Portuguese as Relatório Anual da Pobreza, or ‘RAP’), to serve as the core civil society input into the OP process. The first RAP, produced in 2004, involved the participation of some 10,000 people and around 100 organisations in an opinion survey whose relevance, “rests with the fact that it incorporated the voice of the common people, integrated into a participatory dynamic at provincial level. Therefore, it is not meant to be seen as a confrontation with official figures, but rather as a contribution that is rooted in the opinions of thousands of people” (G20, 2004). A second RAP was produced in May 2006, with, among its objectives, “to check on the evolution of increased participation by citizens/civil society in decision making processes” and evaluate the progress made by the Government in implementing the seven recommendations emanating from the 2004 RAP. The 2005 RAP also highlights concerns about the proliferation of national plans with similar objectives (i.e. poverty reduction) but with limited linkages between them, such as the Five-year Plan and PARPA. It notes that the “time and material waste in human and financial resources [for producing these plans] is enormous” and calls for the development of a single and unified medium term National Development Plan. The 2004 and 2005 RAP place a strong emphasis on child-related issues, including the implementation of special programmes for children who do not have access to schools, the promotion of girls’ involvement in the education system, the provision of legal support to young people who are detained and the need for concrete actions to prevent violence against children. The national RAP is also complemented by provincial versions, developed by autonomous provincial bodies of the G20, which play a similar role to the provincial Poverty Observatories (OP). The provincial RAP 2004 for the province of Maputo presents an interesting case study, with a clear aim of assessing the performance of the provincial government against commitments made at the initial provincial OP and increasing demand for accountability, as shown in the table below: 56 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1:
CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 9 and 10: 4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108:
highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174:
172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176:
I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
Page 185 and 186:
Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206:
Sofala province also accounts for t
Page 207 and 208:
Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216:
214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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