Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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education and health. These are claims for attention and assistance. What all of these claims have in common is that they involve an entitlement to help from others to respect, protect and fulfil their rights in defence of freedoms and capacities (UNDP, 2000 pp. 19-26). Thus, if human development is the process of expanding individuals’ capacities and freedoms, then human rights are a claim that individuals have to secure those capacities and freedoms. What Mozambican Children Say “…All children must have their rights, which are: parental love, care, the right not to be beaten, the right to study so that tomorrow they might be someone, to be protected by the police and by their elders.” Nilsa, 12 years old, Sofala Human rights establish a set of principles to which the development process can aspire. A rights-based perspective establishes basic minimum standards to which individuals can lay claim and consequently defines the duty of others to ensure that those rights are realised. Duties imply responsibilities and accountability. Asserting a claim to education is not only saying that education is needed or is a good thing. It is to say that children are entitled to an education. If some children are deprived of education, it is essential to engage in a process through which the persons or systems responsible for the deprivation of the children’s rights are identified and actively involved in finding solutions to ensure the progressive realisation of children’s right to education. Children’s rights are formally set out in international and national law. Mozambique is a signatory to the main international human rights conventions related to children (see Box 1.1 below). Through these commitments, the Government has assumed the primary responsibility for working to respect, protect and fulfil children’s rights in all of their dimensions. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 25
Box 1.1: Human rights conventions related to children ratified by Mozambique The key convention for children’s rights is the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, United Nations, 1989), setting minimum standards in guarantees of protection and development for children. The Convention starts from the premise that the family is the best environment for the growth and well-being of children and that government must render appropriate assistance to parents or guardians. Defining children as “every human being below the age of eighteen years”, the CRC establishes a series of entitlements and protections for children, including an entitlement to education and to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, as well as protection from sexual abuse, violence and trafficking. The Convention recognises explicitly that many States need to work towards the progressive realisation of the provisions of the CRC, and stresses the importance of international cooperation for improving the living conditions of children in developing countries. The Government of Mozambique ratified the CRC in 1994 (with no reservations) and the country’s initial report was considered at the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s January 2002 session. The Government has also acceded to the two Optional Protocols to the CRC on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and on the involvement of children in armed conflict, in 2003 and 2004 respectively. Mozambique has also ratified the following conventions outlining specific rights to be realised by children: - The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Organisation of African Unity, entered into force on 29 November 1999 and ratified by Mozambique on 15 July 1998. - The Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, International Labour Organisation (ILO), ratified by Mozambique on 16 June 2003. - The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), ratified by Mozambique on 21 April 1997. The movement to integrate human rights explicitly into development policies and programmes has gained momentum in recent years and is referred to as a human rights-based approach to development. However, defining, interpreting and implementing human rights-based approaches and developing a common understanding of the implications for development processes is a process still underway (Ljungman, 2004). What Mozambican Children Say “…We want our rights but we are not heard. I want my dream to be heard.” Claudio, 11 years old, Nampula As well as raising conceptual difficulties, putting any such approach into practice in the Mozambican context is particularly challenging because of the scarcity of both financial and human resources and the wide array of actors in the development process. The Government in particular is subject to many competing demands and obligations, from maintaining macroeconomic stability to increasing the quantity and quality of its services and ensuring acceptable standards of governance, justice and representation for its citizens. As a result, many children’s rights remain unrealised and severe resource and capacity constraints, as well as cultural and behavioural norms, mean that progress 26 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1: CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
Page 9 and 10: 4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
Page 57 and 58: Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
Page 59 and 60: A key cause of these weaknesses is
Page 61 and 62: One possible way forward in tacklin
Page 63 and 64: Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80:
If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92:
The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136:
1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148:
DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164:
• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
Page 173 and 174:
172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 175 and 176:
I. Introduction All children have t
Page 177 and 178:
involving children. 45 per cent of
Page 179 and 180:
Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
Page 183 and 184:
The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
Page 191 and 192:
The survey indicates that 32 per ce
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
Page 201 and 202:
C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
Page 205 and 206:
Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
Page 215 and 216:
214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
Page 221 and 222:
7- Implementing social communicatio
Page 223 and 224:
Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
Page 225 and 226:
ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
Page 227 and 228:
ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
Page 231 and 232:
Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
Page 233 and 234:
Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
Page 237 and 238:
World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
Page 239 and 240:
World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
Page 241 and 242:
Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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