Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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Figure 3.24: Type of water source used in urban areas Surface water (lake, river) 5% Other 3% Non-protected well 19% Piped water 40% Protected well without pump 7% Well/borehole with hand pump 10% Public piped water 16% Source: IFTRAB 2004/2005 Beside urban/rural disparities, there are massive disparities in the use of safe water sources between provinces. In the two most populated provinces of the country (Zambezia and Nampula), 80 per cent of the population is using an unsafe water source for drinking. In comparison, the use of unsafe water in Maputo is only 4 per cent. Use of sanitary means of excreta disposal also varies significantly according to province, with Zambezia province being the province with the lowest coverage (16 per cent). Figure 3.25: Use of safe and unsafe water source by province % 100 4 26 80 60 81 80 78 72 68 64 61 49 44 96 40 74 20 19 20 22 28 32 36 39 51 56 0 Zambezia Nampula Niassa Inhambane Cabo Delgado Manica Tete Sofala Gaza Maputo Province Maputo City Safe water Unsafe water Source: IFTRAB 2004/2005 9. The underlying causes of challenges to child survival and development There are a number of underlying causes for the high mortality rates and poor health status of Mozambican children and substantial barriers to improving child survival and development in Mozambique. CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 115
A. Inequitable access to and funding of social services One of the main underlying causes of child morbidity and mortality in Mozambique is the lack of access to public services, both in terms of physical and economic access and the poor quality of these services. Barriers to accessing and using services are particularly acute for poorer households, for people living in rural areas, and for those with less education. This directly relates to higher mortality rates among children from these households. There are significant disparities in the allocation of resources from central level to particular provinces and rural areas. This can partly be attributed to insufficient links between health policy instruments, which emphasise poverty reduction and the need to target vulnerable groups, and the sector planning and resource allocation systems (see section 10 below). The 2002 Expenditure Tracking and Service Delivery Survey, for example, showed that rural districts are relatively underserved by the primary healthcare system, with a lower number of staff and less qualified staff than in urban districts (WB 2004). (i) Economic accessibility Poverty remains a key underlying cause of child mortality. The mortality rates among children from poorer families are significantly higher than those from better off families. Data from the 2003 DHS show that child mortality levels start decreasing significantly only in the fourth wealth quintile, with the best off quintile suffering under five mortality rates of half compared with the poorest 60 per cent of households. One in ten children will not reach their fifth birthday in the best off households, compared with one in five under fives in the lower 60 per cent of households. It is important to note that the households in the lower quintiles are overwhelmingly rural (83 per cent of the rural population belong to the first three quintiles in comparison to 21 per cent of the urban population in these quintiles) and worse educated. 250 Figure 3.26: Under-five mortality rate by wealth index quintile deaths per 1,000 live births 200 150 100 50 0 Source: 2003 DHS Poorest Second poorest Middle Second best off Best off Poverty contributes to the high rates of child mortality not only through the disadvantages faced by poorer families, such as lower access to services, lower levels of education and less healthy living environments, but also due to the immediate lack of money to pay for services or medication. The Expenditure Tracking and Service Delivery Survey showed that nearly half (46.4 per cent) of Mozambicans questioned found it ‘difficult’ or ‘very difficult’ to find money to pay for healthcare, with 51.5 per cent in rural areas and 31.7 per cent in urban areas finding it so. 116 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
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CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………
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4. Access to schooling and attendan
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TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
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Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
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GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
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MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
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een strongly positive in recent yea
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Child protection concerns Chapter F
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vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
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1. Objective of the Situation Analy
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Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
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of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
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Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
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The Ministries of Planning and Deve
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34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction This chapter focuse
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Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
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3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
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Evidence as to what extent these
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The percentage of the population li
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Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
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B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
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Figure 2.9: Households living below
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severe deprivation. In the poorest
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The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
Page 65 and 66: (vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
Page 67 and 68: There are two principal drivers beh
Page 69 and 70: This has troubling implications for
Page 71 and 72: 70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 73 and 74: 1. Introduction Every child has the
Page 75 and 76: B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
Page 77 and 78: Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
Page 79 and 80: If this downward trend continues, M
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
Page 83 and 84: Mozambique has achieved a continual
Page 85 and 86: The second reason is that deaths oc
Page 87 and 88: 5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
Page 91 and 92: The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
Page 93 and 94: Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
Page 95 and 96: (ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
Page 97 and 98: Alarmingly high levels of stunting
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
Page 101 and 102: There are 86 known salt producers r
Page 103 and 104: Among children, there were no varia
Page 105 and 106: Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
Page 107 and 108: highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
Page 109 and 110: Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
Page 111 and 112: The reduction of mother-to-child tr
Page 113 and 114: It is only recently that paediatric
Page 115: 100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
Page 119 and 120: The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
Page 121 and 122: provincial level reported that only
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
Page 129 and 130: The agenda for expanding water supp
Page 131 and 132: and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
Page 133 and 134: supported by key sector stakeholder
Page 135 and 136: 1. Introduction Education is a fund
Page 137 and 138: B. Severe information deprivation a
Page 139 and 140: Secondary education consists of fiv
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
Page 143 and 144: Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
Page 145 and 146: 57 per cent, compared with a NER of
Page 147 and 148: DHS data show that the wealth level
Page 149 and 150: Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
Page 151 and 152: Lack of literacy is directly correl
Page 153 and 154: In addition, there is a serious gap
Page 155 and 156: The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
Page 157 and 158: Absenteeism is also common among te
Page 159 and 160: to the need for two or even three s
Page 161 and 162: The system is faced with a number o
Page 163 and 164: • The school represents or is a l
Page 165 and 166: (iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
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Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
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United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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