Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef
Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef
Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef
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4. Access to school<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> attendance…………………………………………………138<br />
A. <strong>Trend</strong>s <strong>in</strong> gross <strong>and</strong> net enrolment ratios……………………………………139<br />
B. <strong>Trend</strong>s <strong>in</strong> repetition, dropout <strong>and</strong> completion rates………………...…… 142<br />
C. Attendance…………………………………………………………………….. 143<br />
5. Literacy…………………………………………………………………………………...149<br />
6. <strong>Child</strong>ren <strong>and</strong> HIV prevention education……………………………………………….150<br />
7. The immediate <strong>and</strong> underly<strong>in</strong>g causes of education deprivation……………..……153<br />
A. Immediate causes of education deprivation………………………………….153<br />
(i) Direct education costs…………..………………………………………….153<br />
(ii) Lack of relevance………………………………………………………….154<br />
(iii) Distance from school…………........…………………………………..…155<br />
(iv) Poor quality of teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> learn<strong>in</strong>g processes………....……………..155<br />
a. Lack of materials………………………………………………………..156<br />
b. Poor condition of school <strong>in</strong>frastructure………………………...…….156<br />
c. Lack of teachers ………………………………………………...……...157<br />
d. Lack of qualified teachers……………………………………...……..158<br />
e. Lack of female teachers………………………………….…...………160<br />
(v) Violence <strong>and</strong> abuse <strong>in</strong> schools…………………………………………..160<br />
B. Underly<strong>in</strong>g causes of education deprivation…………………………….……161<br />
(i) Perceptions of the value of education……......…………………...……..161<br />
(ii) Low level of education of parents…………......…………...………..... 162<br />
(iii) Cultural factors……………………………………………………………….162<br />
(iv) Impact of natural disasters………………………………………...………164<br />
(v) <strong>Poverty</strong>......……………………………………………………………………164<br />
8. F<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g education………………………………………………………………….…165<br />
A. Global sector resources……………………….............................................165<br />
B. Challenges for sector f<strong>in</strong>ance………………………………………………….167<br />
9. The education policy environment……………………………………………………169<br />
A. The policy framework……………………………………………………..……169<br />
(i) PARPA II……………………………………………………………………...169<br />
(ii) The Education <strong>and</strong> Culture Sector Strategic Plan ………………...…… 170<br />
B. Policy challenges <strong>and</strong> gaps…………...……………………………………… 170<br />
CHAPTER V: CHILD PROTECTION………………………………………………………173<br />
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...…174<br />
2. Protection of children from violence, abuse <strong>and</strong> exploitation……………………..175<br />
A. <strong>Child</strong>ren <strong>in</strong> conflict with the law………………………………………………175<br />
B. Violence, sexual exploitation <strong>and</strong> abuse………………………………………178<br />
C. Traffick<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> children……………………………………………………………185<br />
D. <strong>Child</strong> marriage……………………………………………………………………187<br />
E. Work<strong>in</strong>g children…………………………………………………………………189<br />
3. Strengthen<strong>in</strong>g legal protection…………………………………………………….…196<br />
A. A comprehensive legal framework for the protection of children………196<br />
B. Creat<strong>in</strong>g effective mechanisms for the implementation of the<br />
<strong>Child</strong>ren’s Act ................................................................................................199<br />
C. Birth registration – guarantee<strong>in</strong>g the right to an identity………………… 200<br />
4. Social protection: access to basic services <strong>and</strong> social assistance for the most .<br />
vulnerable children................................................................................................202<br />
A. Orphaned <strong>and</strong> vulnerable children…………………………………………… 202<br />
B. Disabled children…………………………………………………………….… 208<br />
C. <strong>Child</strong>ren <strong>in</strong> emergencies……………………………………………………… 209<br />
D. The policy <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitutional framework for the social protection of .<br />
orphaned <strong>and</strong> vulnerable children……....……………………………………...210<br />
E. Institutional capacity to implement social protection schemes…..…….… 213<br />
8 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS