Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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FOREWORD The Government of Mozambique ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1994, reaffirming its commitment to the progressive realisation of the rights of all Mozambican children. In recent years, the Government has translated this commitment into a solid policy and legal framework for the realisation of children’s rights, with the development of its second poverty reduction strategy (the PARPA II), the National Plan of Action for Children and the forthcoming Children’s Act. This Situation and Trends Analysis provides a comprehensive review of the socioeconomic situation of the ten million children in Mozambique, focusing in particular on the issue of childhood poverty. The report is informed by a human rights based approach, acknowledging that children living in poverty face deprivations of many of their rights: to survive, to develop, to participate and to be protected. A focus on childhood poverty as distinct from adult poverty is critical, as children experience poverty differently from adults and the impact of poverty in childhood can be lifelong and intergenerational. The findings of the report show that while significant advances have been made towards the realisation of children’s rights, there remains much to be done. Challenges remain in relation to particular areas of child development, such as nutrition and access to water and sanitation, and the evidence indicates that some groups of children, such as those living in rural areas and those that are orphaned and vulnerable, are not benefiting from growth and poverty reduction as much as other children. The report also highlights the importance of capacity development for sustainable improvements in child friendly services. The report was written by a lead team comprised of the Ministry of Planning and Development and UNICEF and was developed through a consultative process, with the participation of representatives of the Government, the UN family, bilateral and multilateral donors, nongovernmental and civil society organisations and children. It is intended to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive reference for all stakeholders involved in the fight against childhood poverty, highlighting the varied and interrelated challenges faced by both Mozambican children and by development partners seeking to address those challenges. This in turn is intended to inform the development and implementation of policies that help to reduce childhood poverty and strategies to reach the most vulnerable and marginalised children. As the country commences the implementation of its second poverty reduction strategy and is making progress towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, it is imperative for all development partners to work together, building on the current momentum, to ensure that all children benefit from social and economic gains of recent years and that concrete improvements are made in the lives of Mozambican children. FAO Representative Mr. Peter Vandor UNHCR Representative Ms. Victoria Akyeampong UNDP Country Director Ms. Anna Soumaré Coulibaly UNICEF Representative Ms. Leila Gharagozloo-Pakkala UNESCO Representative Mr. Benoit Sossou WFP Representative Mr. Ken Davies UNFPA Representative Ms. Petra Lantz WHO Representative Mr. El Hadi Benzerroug UN Resident Coordinator Mr. Ndolamb Ngokwey World Bank Country Director Mr. Michael Baxter CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS 5
CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………........……….....................................……................ 4 FOREWORD………………………………...................................................……………. 5 CONTENTS………………………….................................................................……....... 6 TABLES AND FIGURES……….…………....................................................…………... 10 ACRONYMS…………………….................................................................…….……… 13 MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE…………............................................................……….....… 16 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………................... 17 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK…….................... 23 1. Objective of the Situation Analysis………………………….............……………...... 24 2. Human rights, child development and childhood poverty………..........……….... 24 3. Deprivations-based approach to childhood poverty………………...............……... 27 4. Actors and their role in the fight against childhood poverty……...............…….... 30 A. Children .....…………………………………...………………………...................... 31 B. Family and community ...….......…………………………...............................….. 31 C. Civil society organisations ...…....……………………….................................….. 31 D. Government ……....…………..……………………….....................................…...31 E. Parliament ….....…………………………............................................................. 32 F. International development cooperation partners .............................................. 32 5. Sources of data ..……………………………..…....................................................... 32 CHAPTER II: THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT……..……........................................... 35 1. Introduction………………………………………..….................................................. 36 2. Development trends…………………………...……………...................................... 36 A. Transition to peace, democracy and market economy .....................................36 B. Demographic trends……......…………………………...….................................. 38 3. Economic growth and macroeconomic stability……..………................................ 40 4. Fiscal trends and resource allocation……………..…............................................ 40 5. Pro-child poverty reduction ………………………………........................................ 42 A. National poverty trends……………...………..…….............................................. 42 B. Assessing childhood poverty……………..………………...........................…… 48 (i) Consumption-based measurement……..…………………….....................… 48 (ii) Deprivations-based measurement…...…………………………..................... 50 6. Institutional context ………….....…………...…………………................................... 52 A. Policy and planning mechanisms…...………………………............................… 53 (i) The PARPA……………………...……………………………............................. 53 (ii) Mechanisms for resource allocation……………………….........................… 57 (iii) Analysis of linkages between policy, planning, budgeting and . implementation ...........................................................................................…. 57 (iv) Integrated service delivery for children: coordination and . decentralisation …............................................................................................ 59 (v) Monitoring and reviewing of plans, resource allocation and . implementation ................................................................................................ 63 (vi) Analysis of monitoring and review mechanisms……….............................. 64 B. External development assistance ……..................................…………………... 64 (i) The new “aid architecture” ………………………………..………………...….64 (ii) Analysis of implications for children………...…...…………………..........… 66 a. Longer term implications ..……………………………………………......… 66 b. Short and medium term implications…………….…………………......… 68 6 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE: A SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS
Page 1: CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE A S
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report on the
Page 9 and 10: 4. Access to schooling and attendan
Page 11 and 12: TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.20: Estimated spending on
Page 15 and 16: GBS GDP GER GNI GoM HAART HDI HIPC
Page 17 and 18: MAP OF MOZAMBIQUE Zumbu Magoe M
Page 19 and 20: een strongly positive in recent yea
Page 21 and 22: Child protection concerns Chapter F
Page 23 and 24: vaccination or malaria campaigns, w
Page 25 and 26: 1. Objective of the Situation Analy
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.1: Human rights conventions r
Page 29 and 30: of poverty, defined as: “Impossib
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1: Deprivation-based indica
Page 33 and 34: The Ministries of Planning and Deve
Page 35 and 36: 34 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
Page 37 and 38: 1. Introduction This chapter focuse
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1: Progress towards the MDG
Page 41 and 42: 3. Economic growth and macroeconomi
Page 43 and 44: Evidence as to what extent these
Page 45 and 46: The percentage of the population li
Page 47 and 48: Arndt et al. (2005) show that, on a
Page 49 and 50: B. Assessing childhood poverty In a
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.9: Households living below
Page 53 and 54: severe deprivation. In the poorest
Page 55 and 56: The second PARPA for the period 200
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Box 2.3: Civil society engagement i
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A key cause of these weaknesses is
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One possible way forward in tacklin
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Box 2.4: Corruption and its impact
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(vi) Analysis of monitoring and rev
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There are two principal drivers beh
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This has troubling implications for
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70 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE:
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1. Introduction Every child has the
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B. Severe nutrition deprivation amo
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Zambezia and Tete provinces. Severe
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If this downward trend continues, M
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Figure 3.5: Percentage of women rec
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Mozambique has achieved a continual
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The second reason is that deaths oc
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5. Childhood illnesses A major publ
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Figure 3.9: Malaria prevention: use
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The 2005 Nutrition Survey conducted
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Box 3.3: Combating measles and poli
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(ii) Stunting prevalence (chronic m
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Alarmingly high levels of stunting
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Figure 3.16: Underweight prevalence
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There are 86 known salt producers r
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Among children, there were no varia
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Box 3.5: Infant feeding in the cont
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highly in PARPA II, which sets a ta
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Table 3.3: Overview of PMTCT progra
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The reduction of mother-to-child tr
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It is only recently that paediatric
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100 Figure 3.22: Use of safe water
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A. Inequitable access to and fundin
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The 2004/2005 IFTRAB survey also su
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provincial level reported that only
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Table 3.4: Ministry of Health budge
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Figure 3.29: Total sector resources
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Figure 3.31: Indicative per capita
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The agenda for expanding water supp
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and was revised in 2005. The on-bud
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supported by key sector stakeholder
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1. Introduction Education is a fund
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B. Severe information deprivation a
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Secondary education consists of fiv
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Table 4.3: Gross and net enrolment
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Table 4.4: Gross enrolment ratio, a
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57 per cent, compared with a NER of
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DHS data show that the wealth level
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Figure 4.11: Distribution of 11-yea
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Lack of literacy is directly correl
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In addition, there is a serious gap
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The IAF showed that in 2002/3 expen
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Absenteeism is also common among te
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to the need for two or even three s
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The system is faced with a number o
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• The school represents or is a l
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(iv) Impact of natural disasters In
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The associated large off-budget res
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The Ministry of Education and Cultu
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sense of providing education for ev
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172 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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I. Introduction All children have t
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involving children. 45 per cent of
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Box 5.1: Street children in Maputo:
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Girls at greatest risk of abuse wer
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The aspirations expressed by the yo
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Against this background, Caia and C
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“Trafficking in women and childre
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Mozambique, girls aged 15-19 in the
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The survey indicates that 32 per ce
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Figure 5.5: School attendance among
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• Labour law does not define the
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- To use child labour (children age
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from their parents. Thus, the law d
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C. Birth registration - guaranteein
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such as hospitals and schools for b
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Sofala province also accounts for t
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Evidence points to worrying increas
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Figure 5.9: Primary school attendan
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activities to strengthen the capaci
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The responsibility for implementing
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214 CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE
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Conclusions Mozambique is one of Af
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planning in Mozambique, and has the
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7- Implementing social communicatio
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Form of Severe Deprivation Food Wat
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ANNEX II Calendar of the planning,
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ANNEX IV State Budget recurrent and
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REFERENCES AND MATERIALS CONSULTED
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Deaton, A., Ruiz-Castilo, J., and T
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Klasen, S. and Woltermann, S., ‘T
Page 235 and 236:
Government of Mozambique, ‘Progra
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World Bank (WB), ‘World Developme
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World Bank (WB), ‘Mozambique Publ
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Ministry of Women and Co-ordination
Page 243:
United Nations Children’s Fund (U
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Child Poverty in Mozambique. A Situation and Trend ... - Unicef

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