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Low Energy Associative Data Caches for Embedded Systems 519
520 Chapter 37 8, 16, 32 and 64-entry WDU is presented in Figure 37-5. It is remarkable that the WDU detects a similar number of instructions independent of the L1 cache associativity. Increasing the WDU size from 8 to 16 produces the highest increase in the percentage of instructions with way determination, from 82% to 88%. The corresponding values for a 32 and 64-entry WDU are 91% and 93%. Figure 37-6 shows the average data cache energy consumption savings for the MiBench benchmark suite due to using the WDU, compared to a system that does not have a WDU. When computing the energy consumption savings the WDU energy consumption is added to the D-cache energy consumption. For all the associativities studied the 16-entry WDU has the best implementation cost/energy savings ratio. It’s average D-cache energy consumption savings of 36%, 56%, 66%, 72% and 76% for, respectively, a 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32-way set associative cache are within 1% of the energy consumption savings of a 32-entry WDU for a given associativity. The even smaller 8-entry WDU is within at most 3% of the best case. For the 64-entry WDU the WDU energy consumption overhead becomes higher than the additional energy savings due to the increased number of WDU entries, so the 64-entry WDU performs worse than the 32-entry one for a given associativity. Figure 37-7 shows the percentage of total processor energy consumption reduction when using a WDU. For a 16-entry WDU the energy consumption savings are 3.73%, 6.37%, 7.21%, 9.59% and 13.86% for, respectively a 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32-way set associative L1 data cache. The total processor energy
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EMBEDDED SOFTWARE FOR SoC
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Embedded Software for SoC Edited by
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication Conten
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Table of Conents Chapter 16 EMBEDDE
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Table of Conents Chapter 33 ADAPTIV
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PREFACE The evolution of electronic
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INTRODUCTION Embedded software is b
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Introduction xvii software consists
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Introduction xix Energy-aware techn
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PART I: EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS
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Chapter 1 APPLICATION MAPPING TO A
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Application Mapping to a Hardware P
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Chapter 2 FORMAL METHODS FOR INTEGR
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Formal Methods for Integration of A
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Chapter 3 LIGHTWEIGHT IMPLEMENTATIO
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Lightweight Implementation of the P
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Chapter 4 DETECTING SOFT ERRORS BY
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Detecting Soft Errors by a Purely S
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PART II: OPERATING SYSTEM ABSTRACTI
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Chapter 5 RTOS MODELING FOR SYSTEM
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RTOS Modeling for System Level Desi
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Chapter 6 MODELING AND INTEGRATION
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Modeling and Integration of Periphe
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Chapter 7 SYSTEMATIC EMBEDDED SOFTW
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Systematic Embedded Software Genera
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PART III: EMBEDDED SOFTWARE DESIGN
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Chapter 8 EXPLORING SW PERFORMANCE
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Exploring SW Performance 99 of late
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Exploring SW Performance 101 operat
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Exploring SW Performance 103 The ch
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Exploring SW Performance 105 2.2. T
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Exploring SW Performance 107 Figure
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Exploring SW Performance 109 modem
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Chapter 9 A FLEXIBLE OBJECT-ORIENTE
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A Flexible Object-Oriented Software
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Chapter 10 SCHEDULING AND TIMING AN
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Analysis of HW/SW On-Chip Communica
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Chapter 11 EVALUATION OF APPLYING S
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Evaluation of Applying SpecC to the
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Chapter 12 INTERACTIVE RAY TRACING
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Interactive Ray Tracing on Reconfig
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Chapter 13 PORTING A NETWORK CRYPTO
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Porting a Network Cryptographic Ser
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PART IV: EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS
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Chapter 14 INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE
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Introduction to Hardware Abstractio
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Chapter 15 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE PARTIT
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Hardware and Software Partitioning
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Chapter 16 EMBEDDED SW IN DIGITAL A
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Embedded SW in Digital AM-FM Chipse
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Embedded SW in Digital AM-FM Chipse
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PART V: SOFTWARE OPTIMISATION FOR E
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Chapter 17 CONTROL FLOW DRIVEN SPLI
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Control Flow Driven Splitting of Lo
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Chapter 18 DATA SPACE ORIENTED SCHE
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Data Space Oriented Scheduling 233
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Chapter 19 COMPILER-DIRECTED ILP EX
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Compiler-Directed ILP Extraction 24
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Chapter 20 STATE SPACE COMPRESSION
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State Space Compression in History
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Chapter 21 SIMULATION TRACE VERIFIC
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Simulation Trace Verification for Q
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PART VI: ENERGY AWARE SOFTWARE TECH
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Chapter 22 EFFICIENT POWER/PERFORMA
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Efficient Power/Performance Analysi
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Chapter 23 DYNAMIC PARALLELIZATION
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Dynamic Parallelization of Array 30
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Chapter 24 SDRAM-ENERGY-AWARE MEMOR
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SDRAM-Energy-Aware Memory Allocatio
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PART VII: SAFE AUTOMOTIVE SOFTWARE
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Chapter 25 SAFE AUTOMOTIVE SOFTWARE
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Safe Automotive Software Developmen
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PART VIII: EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITEC
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Chapter 26 EXPLORING HIGH BANDWIDTH
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Exploring High Bandwidth Pipelined
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Chapter 27 ENHANCING SPEEDUP IN NET
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Enhancing Speedup in Network Proces
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Chapter 28 ON-CHIP STOCHASTIC COMMU
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On-Chip Stochastic Communication 37
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Chapter 29 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE TECHNI
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HW/SW are Techniques for Improving
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Chapter 30 RAPID CONFIGURATION & IN
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Rapid Configuration & Instruction S
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PART IX: TRANSFORMATIONS FOR REAL-T
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Chapter 31 GENERALIZED DATA TRANSFO
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Generalized Data Transformations 42
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Chapter 32 SOFTWARE STREAMING VIA B
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Software Streaming Via Block Stream
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Chapter 33 ADAPTIVE CHECKPOINTING W
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Adaptive Checkpointing with Dynamic
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PART X: LO POWER SOFTWARE
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Chapter 34 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURAL T
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