Islamic Political Identity in Turkey

notes to pages 62–67 287The Tijaniyya: A SuW Order in the Modern World (London: Oxford University Press,1965). For more on the Turkish Tijani order, see “Ticani Tarikatì HakkìndaTetkikat,” Sebilürre7ad 4, 87 (September 1950): 185, and “Ticani Tarikatìnìn Esaslarì,”Sebilürre7ad 4, 89 (October 1950): 218.8. Vatan, July 11, 1952.9. In 1962, the Constitutional Court actually declared this law unconstitutional;see 6evket Süreyya Aydemir, II. Adam III (Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1975), 2nd ed.,136.10. For the decision of the Court of Afyon, see Avukat Bekir Berk, 8thamlarìReddediyorum (Istanbul: Yeni Asya Yayìnlarì, 1972), 313–15.11. For more on the movement see chapter 6.12. This argument is made by Feroz Ahmad, “Politics and Islam in ModernTurkey,” Middle East Studies 27, 1 (January 1991): 11, and “The Islamic Assertion inTurkey: Pressures and State Response,” Arab Studies Quarterly 4, 1–2 (1982): 97.13. See Walter F. Weiker, The Turkish Revolution: 1960–1961 (Washington, DC:Brookings Institute, 1965).14. Rona Aybay, “Milli Güvenlik Kavramì ve Milli Güvenlik Kurulu,” SiyasalBilgiler Fakültesi 33 (March–June 1978): 59–82.15. Milliyet, July 26, 1960. When O. Nuri Çerman defended a major reform inIslamic rituals in his book (Dinde Reform ve Kemalizm), the junta denouncedÇerman; see Sebilürre7ad 13, 323 (April 1961): 355.16. Quoted in Feroz Ahmad, “The Islamic Assertion,” 98, citing Cumhuriyet,October 25, 1960.17. Hikmet Özdemir, Kalkìnmada bir Strateji Arayì7ì: Yön Hareketi (Ankara:Bilgi, 1986).18. For election results and socioeconomic analyses of vote distribution, seeNermin Abadan Unat, Anayasa Hukuku ve Siyasi Bilimler Acìsìndan 1965 SecimlerininTahlili (Ankara: Sevinç Matbaasì, 1966), and Paul J. Magnarella, “Regional Voting inTurkey,” Muslim World 57 (1967): 224–34 and 277–87.19. Ergun Özbudun, The Role of the Military in Recent Turkish Politics (Cambridge:Harvard Center for International AVairs, 1966), 7.20. W. H. Sherwood, “The Rise of the Justice Party,” World Politics 20, 1(October 1967): 54–65.21. Arnold Leder, “Party Competition in Rural Turkey: Agent of Change orDefender of Traditional Rule?” Middle East Studies 15, 1 (1979): 91.22. 8smail Engin and Erhard Franz, eds., Aleviler/Alewiten I–IV vols. (Hamburg:Orient Institute, 2001).23. Erdal Gezik, Alevi Kürtler (Ankara: Kalan, 2000).24. See Colin H. Imber, “Persecution of the Ottoman Shi‘ites According to theMuhimme Defterleri 1565–1585,” Der Islam 56 (1979): 245–74, and Tord Olsson andElisabeth Özdalga, eds., Alevi Identity (London: Curzon Press, 1998).25. 8. Metin, Aleviler’de Halk Mahkemeleri, 2 vols. (Istanbul: Alev, 1994).26. See 8smail Engin, “8zzettin Do:an: Türkiye’de Bir Alevi Önder,” in 8zzettinDo:an’ìn Alevi 8slam 8nancì, Kültürü ile 8lgili Görü7 ve Dü7ünceleri, ed. Ayhan Aydìn(Istanbul: Cem Vakfì, 2000), 16–26.27. Hem7eri is someone coming from the same region, city, or village. Formore, see chapter 4.28. The symbol of the party was a lion, which was understood to represent Ali,the son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammed, an object of devotion by Shi’is worldwide.In 1973 the party changed its name into the Unity Party of Turkey (Türkiye Birlik