Islamic Political Identity in Turkey

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notes to pages 188–195 30520. Can, Ufuk Turu, 25.21. Fethullah Gülen, Asrìn Getirdi:i Tereddütler I–IV (8zmir: TOV, 1994).22. Fethullah Gülen, “Dü7ünce ve Aksiyon 8nsanì,” Zaman, November 27,1994.23. M. Abdülfettah 6ahin, “Beklenen Geçlik I, II,” Ça; ve Nesil: Zamanìn AltìnDilimi IV (8zmir: TÖV, 1992), 125–32.24. M. Abdülfettah 6ahin, “Dünya Muvazenesinde Bir Millet,” Ça; ve Nesil I(8zmir: TÖV, 1992), 88–92.25. Safa Mürsel, Bediüzzaman Said Nursi ve Devlet Felsefesi (Istanbul: YeniAsya, 1995); Yavuz Bahadìro:lu, Bediüzzaman Said Nursi (Istanbul: Yeni Asya,1993); 8brahim Canan, 8slam Aleminin Ana Meseleleri: Bediüzzaman‘dan Çözümler(Istanbul: Yeni Asya, 1993).26. The newspaper Zaman Wrst appeared on November 3, 1986.27. In Germany in Turkish, Azerbaijan (8 pages, and only one page is Turkish),Uzbekistan (6 pages; 2 Turkish and 4 Uzbek), Kazakstan (8 pages; 6 Kazak and 2Turkish), Kyrgyzstan (8 pages; 6 Kyrgyz and 2 Turkish), Turkmenistan (6 pages; 1 Turkishand 5 Turkmen), Tatarstan (4 pages; 1 Turkish and 3 Tatar), Boshgortastan (5 pages;4 Baskurt and 1 Turkish), Bulgaria (16 pages; 12 Turkish and 4 Bulgarian), Romania (16pages in Turkish) and Macedonia (8 pages; 6 Turkish and 2 Macedonian).28. Nuriye Akman’s interview with Gülen, Sabah, January 28, 1995.29. For the critique of Gülen’s position on the soft coup and the 8mam HatipSchools, see Ahmet Ta7getiren, “Menderes ve 8mam Hatipler,” Yeni Safak, July 20,1997.30. See, for example, his essay “Tahrib edilen tabiat,” Zaman, June 25, 1994.31. “87te Fethullah Gülen Imparatorlugu,” Aktüel Para, September 22,1996, 18–25. This essay examines Gülen‘s Wnancial and educational networks.32. Elisabeth Özdalga, “Worldly Asceticism in Islamic Casting: FethullahGülen’s Inspired Piety and Activism,” Critique 17 (2000): 83–104.33. M. Abdülfettah 6ahin, “Neslin Bekledi:i Kurtarìcì El,” in Ça; ve Nesil (8zmir:TÖV, 1992), 14–15.34. For more debate on these schools, see Yurt Dì7ìnda Açìlan Özel Ö:retimKurumlarì Temsilcileri 8kinci Toplantìsì (Ankara: MEB, 1997).35. The most prominent ones are: FEM (Istanbul), Anafen (Istanbul), Körfez(8zmir), Maltepe (Ankara), I7ìk (Adana), Söz and Sur (Diyarbakìr, Hakkari, Elazì:),and Ça:layan (Van-Bitlis).36. The most prominent ones are: Fatih (Istanbul), Yamanlar (8zmir),Samanyolu (Ankara), Yìldìrìmhan (Mersin), Aziziye (Erzurum), Serhat (Van), ServerGazi (Denizli), Nilüfer (Bursa), Otlukbeli (Erzincan), Ertu:rul Gazi (Eski7ehir),Selahattin Eyyubi(Bitlis), I7ìk (Sakarya), and Fatih Sultan (Aydìn).37. Emine Kaplan, “Milli E;itimde dì7 ku7atma,” Cumhuriyet, March 12, 1995.38. Interview with Gülen by Oral Calì7lar, Cumhuriyet, August 21, 1995; andCan, Ufuk Turu, 34.39. Interview with Gülen by Hulusi Turgut, “8slam sadece Türkiye‘de özgürceya7anìyor,” Sabah, January 26, 1996.40. Can, Ufuk Turu, 33.41. Can, Ufuk Turu, 35.42. Interview with Gülen by Ertu;rul Özkök, Hürriyet, January 23–30, 1995.43. Interview with Gülen by Ertu;rul Özkök, Hürriyet, January 25, 1995.44. Gülen, “Fethullah Gülen Hocaefendi Güneydo:u ve terror hadisesiniZaman‘a de:erlendirdi: Çare insan ve kültür,” Zaman, November 5, 1993.
306 notes to pages 195–19845. Ru7en Çakìr, “Devlet Babanìn Nurcu O:lu: Kìrkìncì Hoca,” Artìhaber 1(December 20, 1997): 19.46. For Gülen’s views on the Directorate of Religious AVairs, see Can, UfukTuru, 137.47. Ahmet 8nsel, “Yeni Muhafazakarlìk ve Fethullah Gülen,” Yeni Yüzyìl, April27, 1997, and “Altìn Nesil E7ittir Beyaz Türkler mi?” Yeni Yüzyìl, May 4, 1997.48. Kür7ad O:uz, “Turkiye’nin birli;ini Nurcular sa;layacak,” Aktüel 190(1995): 40–44.49. Fethullah Gülen, “Hizipcilik a:ìndan kurtulmamìz gerekiyor,” Zaman,February 6, 1996.50. See interview with Gülen by Yalçìn Do;an, Umran 37 (May–June 1997):1–15.51. Erdo;an, Küçük, 50–62.52. For more on Gülen’s views of Iran and Arabs, see interview with Gülen byNevaal Sevindi, Yeni Yüzyìl, July 19–28, 1997.53. Gülen, “Öze Dönmek,” Sìzìntì 80, 7 (1985): 283.54. Gülen, “Milli Ruh Dü7üncesi,” Sìzìntì 83, 7 (1985): 402–404.55. Göle, “‘Muhafazakarlì;ìn,” Zaman, August 27, 1995.56. For Gülen’s statement and its implementation in his schools, see YeniYüzyìl, September 16, 1998. Gülen defended his “education Wrst” over headscarvespolicy during my interview with him on September 20, 1998, in Istanbul; see alsoAli Ünal, “Ba7örtüsü Meselesi,” Zaman, September 30, 1998.57. For more on the debate over the Abant Declaration, see Kerem Çalì7kan,“Fethullah Hoca ve Laiklik,” Yeni Yüzyìl, July 21, 1998. Some scholars criticized theDeclaration as a sign of the politicization of Islam, see Yakup Kepenek, “AbantBildirgesi,” Cumhuriyet, July 27, 1998. Some Islamists sharply criticized the AbantDeclaration; see Ahmet Ta7getiren, “Abant’in Çözemedi:i Sorun,” Yeni Safak, July27, 1998.58. Mehmet Gündem, Abant Toplantìlarì I: Islam ve Laiklik (Istanbul: Yazarlarve Gazeteciler Vakfì, 1998), 269–72.59. See interview of Fethullah Gülen by Nuriye Akman, Sabah, January 24,1995.60. The pro-RP newspaper Milli Gazete argued that Gülen was made popularby the state because of his critical attitude toward the RP. See Zeki Ceyhan, MilliGazete, February 19, 1995; the Islamist intellectual Ali Bulaç argued that Gülen wasused by the state to divide the Islamic movement and present the RP as radical; seeAli Bulaç, “Fethullah Hoca,” Yeni Safak, February 8, 1995, and “Fethullah Hoca veRefah Partisi,” Yeni Safak, February 11, 1995. Bulaç believed that the United Stateswas encouraging “moderate” Islamic groups to divide Muslims; Ali Bulaç, “8slamku7atma altìnda,” Yeni Safak, February 22, 1995.61. On Gülen’s meeting with Bülent Ecevit, see Ahmet Ta7getiren, “FethullahHoca-Ecevit,” Yeni Safak, March 27, 1995. Tasgetiren asks whether the politiciansare seeking to co-opt Islam into the system, which Ta7getiren thinks is corrupt.62. Derya Sazak, “Tarikat krizi,” Milliyet, December 23, 1994, and Ru7en Çakìr,“Çiller and Fethullah Hoca,” Milliyet, December 23, 1994.63. Many moderate and radical intellectuals criticized this statement; seeMehmet 6evket Eygi’s response in Milliyet, February 18, 1995.64. Ali Bulaç, “Fethullah Hoca”ya Üç Soru: Bir: Mustafa Kemal,” Yeni Safak,July 11, 1995; “8ki: Refah”ìn Önünü Kesecek misiniz?” Yeni Safak, July 12, 1995; and“Üç: Niçin Ortado:u de:il de Orta Asya,” Yeni 6afak, July 13, 1995. In addition, some
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Islamic Political Identityin Turkey
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RELIGION AND GLOBAL POLITICSSeries
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3Oxford New YorkAuckland Bangkok Bu
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viiiprefaceWith these questions in
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xprefaceThis book is the product of
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xivabbreviationsPKKRGRNKRPSPSODEPSH
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BULGARIABosporusBLACK SEA0 75 150 k
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4 islamic political identity in tur
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6 islamic political identity in tur
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introduction 9dition and policies i
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introduction 11Hareketi) of Erbakan
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introduction 13national integration
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1Islamic Social MovementsA comparis
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islamic social movements 17Lewis, T
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islamic social movements 19ideas an
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islamic social movements 21two diam
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islamic social movements 23to undem
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islamic social movements 25tute but
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islamic social movements 27man righ
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islamic social movements 29great
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islamic social movements 31developm
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islamic social movements 33nant in
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islamic social movements 35life. In
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2The EnduringOttoman LegacyIn order
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the enduring ottoman legacy 39(1839
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the enduring ottoman legacy 41for c
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the enduring ottoman legacy 43was c
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the enduring ottoman legacy 45colle
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the enduring ottoman legacy 47The l
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the enduring ottoman legacy 49ing E
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the enduring ottoman legacy 51memor
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the enduring ottoman legacy 53belli
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the enduring ottoman legacy 55The K
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the enduring ottoman legacy 57their
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3The Tempering of theKemalist Revol
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the tempering of the kemalist revol
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4The Political Economyof Islamic Di
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the political economy of islamic di
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5The Role of Literacyand the Media
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the role of literacy and the media
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6The Matrix of TurkishIslamic Movem
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the matrix of turkish islamic movem
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7Print-Based IslamicDiscourseThe Nu
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print-based islamic discourse 153in
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print-based islamic discourse 155th
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print-based islamic discourse 157Nu
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print-based islamic discourse 159ci
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print-based islamic discourse 161in
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print-based islamic discourse 163ne
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print-based islamic discourse 165ha
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print-based islamic discourse 167an
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print-based islamic discourse 169De
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print-based islamic discourse 171ex
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print-based islamic discourse 173wi
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print-based islamic discourse 175Ye
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print-based islamic discourse 177er
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8The Neo-Nur Movementof Fethullah G
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the neo-nur movement of fethullah g
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9The National OutlookMovement and t
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the national outlook movement and t
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10The Securitization of Islamand th
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the securitization of islam and the
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Page 270 and 271: the securitization of islam and the
Page 280 and 281: 1ConclusionSince 1923, Kemalism has
Page 282 and 283: conclusion 267Islamic movements in
Page 284 and 285: conclusion 269emotionally attached
Page 286 and 287: conclusion 271culture has promoted
Page 288 and 289: conclusion 273cultural means. There
Page 290 and 291: AppendixThe 18 Directives of Februa
Page 292 and 293: 1Notesintroduction1. The 1997 milit
Page 294 and 295: notes to pages 16-18 279Democracy a
Page 296 and 297: notes to pages 23-34 28138. See Cra
Page 298 and 299: notes to pages 41-47 28316. 8lber O
Page 300 and 301: notes to pages 51-54 28552. See the
Page 302 and 303: notes to pages 62-67 287The Tijaniy
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Page 306 and 307: notes to pages 86-89 291marginalize
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Page 310 and 311: notes to pages 117-122 295(Istanbul
Page 312 and 313: notes to pages 128-135 29788. Ecevi
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Page 316 and 317: notes to pages 152-155 301Cemaatine
Page 318 and 319: notes to pages 166-179 303Erzurum,
Page 322 and 323: notes to pages 199-204 307leftists
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Page 326 and 327: notes to pages 226-232 311RP,” Ye
Page 328 and 329: notes to pages 236-242 313109. Erba
Page 330 and 331: notes to pages 247-253 31535. Musta
Page 332 and 333: 1Selected Bibliographyworks in engl
Page 334 and 335: selected bibliography 319Gilsenan,
Page 336 and 337: selected bibliography 321Wagstaff,
Page 338 and 339: selected bibliography 323Kapacalì,
Page 340 and 341: 1IndexAbdülhamid II, 42-46, 152Ada
Page 342 and 343: index 327Kavakçì, Merve, 99, 249K
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