Islamic Political Identity in Turkey

notes to pages 226–232 311RP,” Yeni Zemin, January 1993, 28–41; “RP Kitle Partisi Olma Yolunda,” Yeni Zemin,May-June 1994, 38–47.62. My interview with Bahri Zengin, Istanbul, May 9, 1994.63. RP Partisi 4. Büyük Kongre Genel Ba7kan Erbakan’ìn Konu7masì (10 October1993) (Ankara: RP, 1994).64. The idea of multilegalism originally was formulated by Bahri Zengin,then a member of the Parliament, as a solution to the problems of Turkey. SeeZengin, Özgürle7erek Birlikte Ya7amak: Hukuk Topluluklarì Birli:i (Istanbul:Birle7ik, 1995); Ali Bulaç, 8slam ve Demokrasi: Teokrasi-Totaliterizm (Istanbul:Beyan, 1993), 167–80.65. Mehmet Metiner, “RP‘nin Yeni Söylemi Üzerine,” Yeni Zemin, November1993, 44–45.66. Zengin played a key role in the formulation of the Fourth Congress’sDeclaration. See more on Zengin in “Devlet Nedir?” Nehir, June 1995, 31, 34–36.67. Both Bulaç and Zengin told me that they incorporated “multilegalism” andthe comments on the Kurdish question into the speech.68. 8hsan Akta7’s statement is in Oral Calì7lar and Serpil Gündüz, “95Milliyetçi 8slamcì Gençlik Ne 8stiyor?” Cumhuriyet, February 6, 1996.69. White, “Islam and Democracy,” 11.70. My interview with Mehmet Erbakan, the head of the European NationalOutlook Movement, Cologne, July 11–12, 2001.71. Remarks made during my visit to the RP Maltepe OYce, Istanbul, March20, 1994.72. Prostitution is a thriving business, making Mathilde Manukyan thecountry’s leading Turkish-Armenian businesswomen through her ownership ofbrothels in Istanbul. In fact, Turkey’s biggest single taxpayer for three consecutiveyears was Manukyan. She paid $616,300 to the tax oYce in 1995 alone. The lecturerat the local RP conference hall argued that by awarding Manukyan a ceremonialplaque, the government constructed its own stereotypical Western role model forTurkish women. The RP used this incident to attack and shame the ruling parties byportraying them as degenerate and lacking morality.73. Ru7en Çakìr, “Bir Sistem Partisi olarak RP Partisi,” Birikim 81 (January1996), 31–35; Ömer Laciner, “6ecim Sonuçlarì Üzerine,” Birikim 81 (January 1996):36–42.74. Sadìk Albayrak, “1914 Trabzon Medreseleri ve Caykara’da 8lim Hayatì,”Caykara Aylìk E;itim Kültür ve Fikir Gazetesi, August 4–September 1, 2002.75. Burhanettin Duran, “Approaching the Kurdish Question via Adil Düzen: AnIslamist Formula of the Welfare Party for Ethnic Coexistence,” Journal of MuslimMinority AVairs 18, 1 (1998): 111–28.76. 8smail Kara, “Kürt Medreseleri Gündeme Gelmeyecek mi?” in 6eyhEfendinin Rüyasìndaki Türkiye (Istanbul: Kitabevi, 1998), 69–72.77. Hamit Bozaslan, “Turkey’s Elections and the Kurds,” Middle East Report,April-June 1996, 16–19.78. Milliyet, November 27, 1994.79. Ali Bayramo:lu, “Çözüm Kuzey Irak’ta Kürt Devleti,” Yeni Yüzyìl, July 22,1996.80. Interview with Fuat Fìrat, “Çözüm 8slam Karde7li:indedir,” De:i7im,December 1996, 33.81. Nurettin Akta7, “Sistemin tabularìyla sorun çözülemez,” De:i7im, December1996, 35.