Islamic Political Identity in Turkey

notes to pages 72–78 28945. Erkal, “21 Yüzyìlda,” 52.46. See Istar B. Tarhanlì, Müslüman Toplum, “laik” Devlet: Türkiye’de Diyanet87leri Ba7kanlì:ì (Istanbul: AFA, 1993).47. Danì7ma Meclisi Tutanak Dergisi, B: 140 (January 9, 1982), 276–84.48. See Abdurrahman Dilipak, Bu Din Benim Dinim De:il (Istanbul: 87aretYayìnlarì, 1990); Hüseyin Hatemi, “8slamì Kullanìyorlar,” Cumhuriyet, April 23,1987; Ali Bulaç, Bir Aydìn Sapmasì (Istanbul: Beyan Yayìnlarì: 1989), 156–58 and173–77; and 8smet Özel, Tehdit De:il Teklif (Istanbul: 8klim Yayìnlarì, 1987), 139.49. Özer Özankaya, Atatürk ve Laiklik: Türk Demokrasi Devriminin Temeli(Istanbul: Tekin, 1983); Emre Kongar, 12 Eylül Kültürü (Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi,1993).50. Milli Kültür Raporu (Ankara: State Planning Organization, 1983).51. See 8brahim Kafeso:lu, Türk-8slam Sentezi (Istanbul: Aydìnlar Oca:ì, 1985).52. On the Turkish-Islamist synthesis and its long-term implications, seeBozkurt Güvenç, Dosya Türk-8slam Sentezi (Istanbul: Sarmal Yayìnlarì, 1991).53. F. Birtek and B. Toprak, “The ConXictual Agendas of Neo-Liberal Reconstructionand The Rise of Islamic Politics in Turkey: The Hazards of RewritingModernity,” Praxis International 13, 2 (1993): 195.54. See Nevzat Bölügiray, Sokaktaki Askerin Dönü7ü (Istanbul: Tekin Yayìnlarì,1991), 203–205.55. Muhsin Batur, Anìlar ve Görü7ler: Üç Dönemin Perde Arkasì (8st: Milliyet,1985), 187. He identiWes the threat to secularism and nationalism as the twoprinciples that would bring military intervention.56. Ümit Cizre Sakallìo:lu, “The Anatomy of the Turkish Military’s Autonomy,”Comparative Politics 29, 2 (1997): 151–66.57. K. Haluk Yavuz, Siyasal Sistem Arayì7larì ve Yürütmenin Güçlendirilmesi(Ankara: Seçkin, 2000).58. See The Higher Education Law, No. 2547, enacted November 4, 1981, andthe Emergency Rule Law, No. 1402.59. Binnaz Toprak, “The State, Politics and Religion in Turkey,” in State,Democracy and the Military, ed. Metin Heper and Ahmet Evin (Berlin: de Gruyter,1988), 131–32; Jeremy Salt, “Nationalism and Rise of Muslim Sentiment in Turkey,”Middle East Studies 31, 1 (January 1995): 16.60. Nokta, June 16, 1985, 20–22.61. Resmi Gazete (hereafter RG), April 12, 1991, 8.62. RG, October 22, 1983, 27–28.63. On April 30, 1993, ÖZDEP’s founding members resolved to dissolve theparty voluntarily while proceedings still continued at the Constitutional Court (CC).Nevertheless, on July 14, 1993 the CC issued an order dissolving ÖZDEP on thebasis of trying to “undermine the territorial integrity and secular nature of the Stateand the unity of the nation” and ordered ÖZDEP’s funds transferred to the Treasuryand its leaders banned from holding similar oYces in other parties.64. Sabah, February 17, 1994.65. M. Hakan Yavuz, “De:i7im Sürecindeki Alevi Kimli:i/Die alewitischeIdentitaet in Veranderungsprozess,” in Aleviler: Identitat und Geschichte, vol. 1(Hamburg: Orient Institute, 2000), 75–95.66. The Wrst act of Alevi “coming out” was Alevilik Bildirgesi [The Manifesto ofAlevism], which was printed and promoted by the leftist-Kemalist daily Cumhuriyet,May 15, 1990. The manifesto includes all the diVerent redeWnitions of the Alevism.